CHAPTER 12

Question 1

Marxist theory

Answer 1

society as divided along lines of economic class between the proletarian working class and the bourgeois ruling class

Question 2

Ascribed status

Answer 2

from identifiable characteristics

Question 3

Achieved status

Answer 3

aquired though individual efforts

Question 4

Prestige

Answer 4

refers to amount of positive regard soceity has for a given person or idea

Question 5

Power

Answer 5

ability to affect others behaavior through real or perceived rewards and punishments

Question 6

class consciouness

Answer 6

organization of the working class around shared goal and recognition of a need for collective political action

Question 7

Anomie

Answer 7

refers to a lack of social norms or the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society

Question 8

Strain theory

Answer 8

how anomic conditions can lead to deviance

Question 9

false consciouness

Answer 9

a misperception of one’s actual position within society

Question 10

Social capital

Answer 10

the investments poeple make in their society for economic or collective rewards

Question 11

Social integration

Answer 11

perceful movement into mainstream society

Question 12

Privelege

Answer 12

inequality in opportunity

Question 13

Cultural capital

Answer 13

refers to the benefits one recieves from knowledge, abilities and skills

Question 14

Strong ties

Answer 14

refer to peer group and kinship contacts which are small but powerful

Question 15

Weak ties

Answer 15

refer to social connections that are personally superficial but are large in number

Question 16

intersectionality

Answer 16

the compounding of disadvantage seen in individuals who belong to more than one oppressed group

Question 17

social mobility

Answer 17

ability to move up or down from one class to another

Question 18

Intragenerational

Answer 18

changes in social status happen within person’s lifetime

Question 19

Intergenerational

Answer 19

changes in social status happen outside of a person’s lifetime

Question 20

Meritocracy

Answer 20

based on intelectual talent and achievement

Question 21

Plutocracy

Answer 21

rule by the upper classes

Question 22

Vertical mobility

Answer 22

upward and downward mobility to different SE class

Question 23

Horizontal mobility

Answer 23

change in occupation or lifestyle that remains within the same social class

Question 24

poverty

Answer 24

low SE status and lack of possestion

Question 25

social reproduction

Answer 25

social inequilaility that is reproduced or passed on from one generation to another

Question 26

Structural poverty

Answer 26

based on concept of holes in the structure of society rather than poverty due to actions of individual

Question 27

Absolute povery

Answer 27

povery in which poeple do not have enough money or resources to maintain quality of life

does not change with median income

Question 28

Relative poverty

Answer 28

poeple are poor in comparison to the larger population in which they live

Question 29

POverty line

Answer 29

derived from the goverments calculations of the minimum income requirement for families to maintain necessaries of life

Question 30

social exclusion

Answer 30

Social exclusion can be a possible consequence of social stratification. It can be further caused by poverty, ill health, discrimination, access to education, housing, etc. But an important factor to consider with social exclusion is the feelings of those excluded, which isn’t really explained by social stratification. Those who are socially excluded feel powerless and isolated from society

Question 31

spatial inequiality

Answer 31

social strtifaction across territores and thier population

Question 32

suburbanization

Answer 32

A term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities; one of the many causes of the increase in urban sprawl.

Question 33

urban decay

Answer 33

portions of the city undergo deterioration over time.

Question 34

urban renewal

Answer 34

spontanoiusly reverse the deterioation of a city

Question 35

gentrification

Answer 35

Gentrification is when lower cost, lower-income neighborhoods are taken over by those with higher income, which raises real estate prices

Question 36

World system theory

Answer 36

Says there are 3 types of countries. Core countries (US, UK, etc.) and their economies are built on exploiting periphery countries ( most of africa, parts of latin america), who really only poses natural resources and can only sustain themselves by exporting. Semi-periphery countries are kinda in the middle, they have more mixed econ systems and do a bit of both. Examples of semi-perhipery is most often china.

Question 37

core nations

Answer 37

Core countries (US, UK, etc.) and their economies are built on exploiting periphery countries ( most of africa, parts of latin america)

Question 38

peripheral nations

Answer 38

periphery countries ( most of africa, parts of latin america), who really only poses natural resources and can only sustain themselves by exporting

Question 39

semi periopheral nations

Answer 39

Semi-periphery countries are kinda in the middle, they have more mixed econ systems and do a bit of both. Examples of semi-perhipery is most often china.

Question 40

social stratification

Answer 40

Social stratification is referring to how groups of people are given better preferences than others, as a result of how they are organized hierarchically

Question 41

Modernization Theory

Answer 41

all countries follow similar path of development to modern society. With some help traditional countries can develop similarly to today’s developed countries did

Question 42

• Dependency Theory

Answer 42

Reaction to Modernization theory. Uses idea of Core + Periphery countries to look at inequalities. Periphery countries export resources to Core countries, and don’t have means to develop.

Question 43

• Hyperglobalist Perspective

Answer 43

seed it as a new age in human history – countries become interdependent and nation states themselves are less important. Don’t agree if good or bad.

Question 44

• Skeptical Perspective

Answer 44

– critical, considers it as being regionalized instead of globalized. Third world countries aren’t being integrated into global economy with same benefits

Question 45

• Transformationalist Perspective

Answer 45

doesn’t have specific cause or outcome. Believe national governments are changing, perhaps becoming less important but difficult to explain change so simply. They see the world order is changing. Just a new world order is being designed. Outcome unknown.

Question 46

incidence

Answer 46

new cases/population/time

Question 47

prevalence

Answer 47

total cases/total population/time

Question 48

morbidity

Answer 48

burden or degree of injury

Question 49

mortality

Answer 49

dealths caused by disease