CHAPTER 12 Flashcards
Marxist theory
society as divided along lines of economic class between the proletarian working class and the bourgeois ruling class
Ascribed status
from identifiable characteristics
Achieved status
aquired though individual efforts
Prestige
refers to amount of positive regard soceity has for a given person or idea
Power
ability to affect others behaavior through real or perceived rewards and punishments
class consciouness
organization of the working class around shared goal and recognition of a need for collective political action
Anomie
refers to a lack of social norms or the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society
Strain theory
how anomic conditions can lead to deviance
false consciouness
a misperception of one’s actual position within society
Social capital
the investments poeple make in their society for economic or collective rewards
Social integration
perceful movement into mainstream society
Privelege
inequality in opportunity
Cultural capital
refers to the benefits one recieves from knowledge, abilities and skills
Strong ties
refer to peer group and kinship contacts which are small but powerful
Weak ties
refer to social connections that are personally superficial but are large in number
intersectionality
the compounding of disadvantage seen in individuals who belong to more than one oppressed group
social mobility
ability to move up or down from one class to another
Intragenerational
changes in social status happen within person’s lifetime
Intergenerational
changes in social status happen outside of a person’s lifetime
Meritocracy
based on intelectual talent and achievement
Plutocracy
rule by the upper classes
Vertical mobility
upward and downward mobility to different SE class
Horizontal mobility
change in occupation or lifestyle that remains within the same social class
poverty
low SE status and lack of possestion
social reproduction
social inequilaility that is reproduced or passed on from one generation to another
Structural poverty
based on concept of holes in the structure of society rather than poverty due to actions of individual
Absolute povery
povery in which poeple do not have enough money or resources to maintain quality of life
does not change with median income
Relative poverty
poeple are poor in comparison to the larger population in which they live
POverty line
derived from the goverments calculations of the minimum income requirement for families to maintain necessaries of life
social exclusion
Social exclusion can be a possible consequence of social stratification. It can be further caused by poverty, ill health, discrimination, access to education, housing, etc. But an important factor to consider with social exclusion is the feelings of those excluded, which isn’t really explained by social stratification. Those who are socially excluded feel powerless and isolated from society
spatial inequiality
social strtifaction across territores and thier population
suburbanization
A term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities; one of the many causes of the increase in urban sprawl.
urban decay
portions of the city undergo deterioration over time.
urban renewal
spontanoiusly reverse the deterioation of a city
gentrification
Gentrification is when lower cost, lower-income neighborhoods are taken over by those with higher income, which raises real estate prices
World system theory
Says there are 3 types of countries. Core countries (US, UK, etc.) and their economies are built on exploiting periphery countries ( most of africa, parts of latin america), who really only poses natural resources and can only sustain themselves by exporting. Semi-periphery countries are kinda in the middle, they have more mixed econ systems and do a bit of both. Examples of semi-perhipery is most often china.
core nations
Core countries (US, UK, etc.) and their economies are built on exploiting periphery countries ( most of africa, parts of latin america)
peripheral nations
periphery countries ( most of africa, parts of latin america), who really only poses natural resources and can only sustain themselves by exporting
semi periopheral nations
Semi-periphery countries are kinda in the middle, they have more mixed econ systems and do a bit of both. Examples of semi-perhipery is most often china.
social stratification
Social stratification is referring to how groups of people are given better preferences than others, as a result of how they are organized hierarchically
Modernization Theory
all countries follow similar path of development to modern society. With some help traditional countries can develop similarly to today’s developed countries did
• Dependency Theory
Reaction to Modernization theory. Uses idea of Core + Periphery countries to look at inequalities. Periphery countries export resources to Core countries, and don’t have means to develop.
• Hyperglobalist Perspective
seed it as a new age in human history – countries become interdependent and nation states themselves are less important. Don’t agree if good or bad.
• Skeptical Perspective
– critical, considers it as being regionalized instead of globalized. Third world countries aren’t being integrated into global economy with same benefits
• Transformationalist Perspective
doesn’t have specific cause or outcome. Believe national governments are changing, perhaps becoming less important but difficult to explain change so simply. They see the world order is changing. Just a new world order is being designed. Outcome unknown.
incidence
new cases/population/time
prevalence
total cases/total population/time
morbidity
burden or degree of injury
mortality
dealths caused by disease
