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HLSC 120 - Human Anatomy > Chapter 7 Vertebral Column & Rib Cage > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Vertebral Column & Rib Cage Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

A

26

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2
Q

Functions of the Vertebral Column

A

-vertical support for the body
-support weight of the head
-maintain upright body position
-transfers axial skeleton weight to appendicular skeleton of the lower limbs
-houses and protects spinal cord and spinal nerves

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3
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

-7 cervical vertebrae
-neck region
-C1 to C7

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4
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

-12 thoracic vertebrae
-chest region
-ribs
-T1 to T 12

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5
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

-5 lumbar vertebrae
-lower back
-L1 to L5

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6
Q

Sacral Vertebrae

A

-5 sacral vertebrae
-are fused together to form 1 bone
-forms the sacrum
-S1 to S5

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7
Q

Coccygeal Vertebrae

A

-4 coccygeal vertebrae
-fused into 1 bone
-forms coccyx
-Co1 to Co4

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8
Q

Adult Spinal Curvatures

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
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9
Q

Primary Curves of the Spine

A

-appear in fetal development
-thoracic and sacral curvatures

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10
Q

Secondary Curves of the Spine

A

-appear at 3-4 months of age
-cervical and lumbar curvatures
-help to shift trunks weight over the legs

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11
Q

Functions of the Curvatures

A

-increases spine strength
-maintains balance in the upright position
-absorbs shock
-protect vertebrae from fracture

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12
Q

Immovable Vertebrae

A

Sacral and coccygeal because they are fused together

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13
Q

What type of cartilage make up intervertebral discs?

A

Fibrocartilage

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14
Q

Body/Centrum

A

-anterior region
-weight bearing structure of almost all vertebrae

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15
Q

Vertebral Arch

A

-posterior to vertebral body
-aka neural arch

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16
Q

Vertebral Foramen

A

-circular opening between the body and vertebral arch
-collectively form the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord

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17
Q

Intervertebral Foramina

A

-lateral opening between vertebrae where spinal nerves travel through

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18
Q

Pedicles

A

-form the vertebral arch with the lamina
-originate from posteriolateral margins if the body

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19
Q

Laminae

A

-form the vertebral arch with the pedicles
-extend posteriomedially from the posterior edge of each pedicle

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20
Q

Spinous Process

A

-projects posteriorly from the left and right laminae
-can be palpated through the skin on the back

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21
Q

Transverse Processes

A

-lateral projections on both sides of the vertebral arch

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22
Q

Articular Processes

A

-project from the junction between the pedicles and laminae

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23
Q

Inferior/Superior Articular Processes

A

-articulate with each other

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24
Q

Articular Facet

A

-smooth surface
-angles contribute to different movements along the vertebral column

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25
Q

Features of Cervical Vertebrae

A

-only a transverse foramen within the transverse process
-vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramen
-spinous processes are slender and bifid
-small kidney bean body shape
-no costal facets for ribs

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26
Q

Superior Articular Facets

A

Occipital condoles of the occipital bone to the antlo-occipital joint

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27
Q

Atlas/C1

A

-a bony ring with no body
-articulates with the head
-movement associated with nodding “YES”

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28
Q

Axis/C2

A

-has a peg-like process that articulates with C1
-permits movement of head shaking “NO”

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29
Q

Atlanto-axial Joint

A

Formed by Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)

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30
Q

Which cervical vertebrae have most common features?

A

C3 to C7

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31
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has no spinous process?

A

C1

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32
Q

Dens

A

-produced by fusion of atlas and axis
-secures C1 and C2 together
-makes atlantoaxial joint

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33
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Feautures

A

-larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae
-easily identified by costal facets for ribs
-heart shaped body
-no transverse foramina
-med size transverse process
-long spinous process

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34
Q

Which bodies of thoracic vertebrae articulate with the head of the ribs?

A

All except for T11 and T12

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35
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae Feautures

A

-largest and strongest of the infused vertebrae
-oval and block-like body shape
-no costal facets for ribs
-no transverse foramen
-large transverse process
-short spinous process

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36
Q

Sacrum

A

-made from the fusion of the 5 sacral vertebrae
-this process can last from the age of 16 to 30 years

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37
Q

Transverse Ridges

A

Mark the sites of fusion in the sacrum

38
Q

Median Sacral Crest

A

-dorsal ridge formed by the fusion of the spinous process of the individual sacral vertebrae

39
Q

Anterior Sacral Foramina

A

-paired
-permit the passage of nerves to pelvic organs

40
Q

Sacral Promontory

A

-anterosuperior edge of S1 that bulges anteriorly into the pelvic cavity

41
Q

Sacral Canal

A

-narrow part of the vertebral canal

42
Q

Sacral Ala

A

-on lateral surface
-“wing”

43
Q

Sacral Hiatus

A

-Where sacral canal terminates into an inferior opening
-where laminae of last sacral vertebrae failed to fuse

44
Q

Sacral Cornu

A

-bony projections on each side of the hiatus

45
Q

Coccyx

A

-triangular bone
-forms from the fusion of 3-5 vertebral bones
-lasts from 20-30 years of age

46
Q

Sternocleidomastoid Function (Anterior group)

A

-flexes the cervical portion
-flexes head at the atlanto-axial joint

47
Q

Sternocleidomastoid Origin

A

manubrium of sternum and the clavicle

48
Q

Sternocleidomastoid Insertion

A

Mastoid process of the temporal bone & nuchal line of occipital bone

49
Q

Scalene Muscles Function (Anterior group)

A

elevate the ribs

50
Q

Scalene Muscles Origin

A

transverse process of ribs 2-7

51
Q

Scalene Muscles Insertion

A

first and second ribs

52
Q

Bilateral Contraction of Sternocleidomastoid

A

contraction of both sternocleidomastoid muscles to flex the neck

53
Q

Unilateral Contraction of Sternocleidomastoid

A

-contraction of just one sternocleidomastoid muscle
-results in: lateral flexion of the neck & rotation of the head to the opposite side

54
Q

Splenius Cervicis

A

extends, flexes, and rotates the neck

55
Q

Splenius Capitis

A

-extend head
-laterally flex & rotate head

56
Q

Erector Spinae

A

-largest muscle of the back
-forms a bulge on either side of the vertebral column
-the extensor of the vertebral column

57
Q

Longissimus Capitis

A

-unilateral action: turns head to same side
-bilateral action: extends head/neck

58
Q

Unilateral Action

A

only one muscle (L or R) is contracting

59
Q

Bilateral Action

A

both L and R muscles are contracting together

60
Q

Aortic Arch

A

Consists of:
-brachiocephalic trunk
-subclavian
-common carotid

61
Q

Arterial Blood Flow Path Through the Head & Neck

A

heart
brachiocephalic trunk
common carotid artery
ext. carotid int. carotid
head and neck region

62
Q

Where does the external carotid artery lead to?

A

Ascends to superior thyroid, occipital, temporal, lingual, maxillary, and facial arteries

63
Q

Circle of Willis (aka cerebral arterial circle)

A

-an anastomosis of arteries around the sella turcica (pituitary gland)
-equalizes blood pressure in the brain
-provides lateral channels should one vessel become blocked

64
Q

Arteries that form the Circle of Willis

A

-posterior cerebral arteries
-posterior communicating arteries
-internal carotid arteries
-anterior cerebral arteries
-anterior communicating arteries

65
Q

Arterial Blood Flow Path to the Brain

A

subclavian artery-vertebral artery-basilar arteries-ant. mid. & post. cerebral arteries-ant. & post. communicating arteries (circle of Willis)

66
Q

Venous Blood Flow from Brain to Heart

A

ant. & post. communicating veins (circle of Willis)-ant. mid. & post. cerebral veins-basilar veins-vertebral vein-brachiocephalic vein-superior vena cava-heart

67
Q

Venous Blood Flow through head & neck

A

head & neck region
ext. jugular int. jugular
subclavian vein
brachiocephalic vein
heart

68
Q

Functions of the thoracic (rib) cage

A

-protects: heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, thoracic organs
-supports the upper limb
-plays a role in breathing

69
Q

Skeletal Part of the Thorax

A

-sternum
-ribs
-costal cartilages
-thoracic vertebrae

70
Q

of Bones in Thoracic Cage

A

-25 in thoracic cage
-1 sternum
-24 ribs

71
Q

Costal Cartilage

A

-attaches sternum and ribs
-flexible to accomodate

72
Q

True Ribs

A

-1-7
-direct anterior attachment to the sternum

73
Q

False Ribs

A

-8-12 (5 ribs)
-indirect attachment to the sternum

74
Q

Floating Ribs

A

-11-12
-no attachment to there sternum at all
-also considered false ribs

75
Q

Sternum

A

-flattened bone withe 3 parts: manubrium, body, xiphoid process

76
Q

Which part of the sternum doesn’t articulate with the costal cartilage?

A

Xiphoid process

77
Q

Function of Thorax Muscles (breathing)

A

-alter the size of the thoracic cavity (inhale and exhale)

78
Q

Diaphragm

A

-most important respiratory muscle

79
Q

External and Internal Intercostal Muscles

A

-between the rib bones
-help in the expansion and contraction of the lungs

80
Q

Accessory Muscles

A

used in forced breathing

81
Q

Muscles of Inspiration

A

diaphragm & external intercostal muscle

82
Q

Muscles of Expiration

A

diaphragm & internal intercostal muscles

83
Q

Nerves that form the L & R Cervical Plexuses

A

formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4

84
Q

Where does the cervical plexus innervate?

A

-anterior neck muscles
-skin of the neck
-parts of the head and shoulders

85
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

-originates from C4 and some contributing axons of C3 and C5
-innervates the diaphragm

86
Q

Superior Roots of the Ansa Cervicalis

A

infrahyoid & geniohyoid muscles

87
Q

Segmental Branch

A

-deep muscle of the neck
-levator scapulae
-scalene muscles

88
Q

Thoracic Aorta

A

-begins at intervertebral disc between T4 and T5
-extends through aortic hiatus
-sends of small arteries/visceral branches to viscera
-parietal branches to bony wall structures

89
Q

Brachiocephalic Veins

A

drain thoracic structures via the azygos system

90
Q

3 Veins of the Azygos System

A

-azygos vein
-hemiazygos vein
-accessory hemiazygos veins

91
Q

Where does the azygos system empty?

A

Into the superior vena cava

HLSC 120 - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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