Chapter 25 - Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiratory System Functions
-gas transport and exchange
-gas conditioning (via paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity to cleanse, humidify, warm air)
-filters inhaled air
-produces sounds
-olfaction
-defense
eliminates water and heat in the form of vapour
Otorhinolaryngology
ENT - ear, nose, throat
Pulmonologist
diagnoses and treatment of lung diseases
Organs of the Respiratory System
-nose
-nasal cavity
-pharynx (throat)
-larynx (voice box)
-trachea (windpipe)
-bronchi
-lungs
Lower Respiratory System (Tract) Organs (LRT)
-trachea
-bronchi
-lungs
Upper Respiratory System (Tract) Organs (URT)
-nose
-nasal cavity
-paranasal sinuses
-pharynx
-larynx
-associated structures (ie. tonsils)
What are the tracts of the RT based on?
Structure
What are the zones of the RT based on?
functions
Conducting Zone Function
transfer, filter, warm, moisten, conduct air into the lungs
Conducting Zone Organs
-nose
-nasal cavity
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Zone Functions
main sites of gas exchange between air and blood
Respiratory Zone Organs
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli
External Nose
-skin and muscle covered portion of the nose
-bordered inferiorly by maxillary bones and superiorly by nasal bones
Cartilaginous Framework of External Nose
7 parts:
-septal nasal cartilage - unpaired
-lateral nasal cartilages - paired
-major alar cartilages - paired
-minor alar cartilages - paired
Choanae (Choanna)
openings that separate the nasal cavity from the throat
Vestibule (nasal cavity)
anterior region near the nostrils that allows the passage of air
Olfactory Epithelium
-in the most superior part of the nasal cavity
-contains pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and olfactory receptor cells
Respiratory Region of the Nasal Cavity
-moisture
-dust
-bacteria
-filtering
-cleaning
Olfactory Region of the Nasal Cavity
-sensing smell
Conchae
-bony projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Meatuses
-air passages between conchae
-lined by the mucous membrane
-increase surface area and prevent dehydration
-swirl warm & moist air
Goblet Cells
secrete mucus that moistens air and traps dust particles
Nose Bleeds
-dehydration dries out membrane
-breaks blood vessels
Cilia
Move mucus and dust toward the pharynx
Paranasal Sinuses & Nasolacrimal Duct
secretions help moisten the air
3 Functions of Internal Structures of the Nose
- warm, moisten, filter inhaled air
- Detecting smell
- Modifying speech as air passes
Paranasal Sinuses
-paired air spaces in certain bones of the skull
-drain into nasal cavity
Paranasal Sinus Functions
-sound resonance
-decrease the weight of the skull
-warm, swirl, moisten air
-modify sound (ie. singing in the shower)
Pharynx Functions
-passageway for air, liquid, food
-resonating chamber for speech sounds
-houses tonsils
lines with a mucosa
-skeletal muscle control for swallowing
Pharynx
-funnel shaped tube with respiratory and digestive functions
-3 regions
Tonsils (in Pharynx)
immunological reactions against foreign invaders
Nasopharynx
houses 5 openings, uvula, tonsils:
-2 internal nares
-2 eustachian tube openings
-1 opening to oropharynx
Uvula
-hangs from soft palate and blocks nasal passage so air doesn’t go into food and liquid
Auditory Tubes
-paired
-connect nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity
Oropharynx
-middle portion
-between soft palate and hyiod
-allows food, fluid, air to pass
-anterior wall = base of the tongue
Fauces
opening of the oral cavity into the oropharynx
Palatine Tonsils
Behind palate
Lingual Tonsils
Base of the tongue
Oropharynx Functions
-digestive and respiratory functions
-allow passage of food, fluid, and air
Laryngopharynx (aka hypopahrynx)
-begins at hyoid bone and ends at the larynx
-a respiratory and a digestive pathway
What lines laryngopharynx?
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Innervation of Pharynx Muscles
-innervated by pharyngeal plexus
-supplied by glossopharyngeal IX and vagus X nerves
Epiglottis
-directs food into the esophagus and air into the trachea
Laryngopharynx Functions
digestive and respiratory functions
Larynx (aka voice box)
-connects laryngopharynx with the trachea
-lies in middle of neck anterior to C4-C6 vertebra
Larynx Functions
-passageway for air
-produces sounds for speech
-sneeze and cough reflex
-prevents ingested materials from entering trachea
-increases pressure in abdominal cavity
Valsalva Maneuver
???
How many pieces of cartilage make up the larynx?
9: 3 paired (6) and 3 unpaired
Unpaired Larynx Cartilage
-support and protect the larynx
-3 of them:
thyroid
epiglottis
cricoid
Paired Larynx Cartilage
-involved in sound production
-3 of them:
arytenoid
cuneiform
corniculate
Vocal Folds
-true vocal cords
-open and close for vibrations
Vestibular Folds
-false vocal cords
-not directly involved in sound production
Rima Glottidis
Moved air back and forth
Cuneiform and Corniculate Cartilage
Muscles that move cartilage to open and close and create vibrations
Epithelial tissue that lines the larynx above the vocal folds?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Epithelial tissue that lines the larynx below the vocal folds?
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-has ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells
Role of mucus in the larynx
Helps trap dust not removed in the upper passages
Trachea (aka windpipe)
-tubular passageway for air
-in-front of esophagus, below larynx, above bronchi
Tracheal Cartilage
-support the trachea
-C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
-connected by annular ligaments
Trachealis Muscle
-connect the tracheal cartilage posteriorly
-control the diameter of the trachea depending O2 demand changes
Lining of trachea
pseudostratified columnar epithelium that have goblet cells that secrete mucin
Location of the trachea
T5
Divisions of the Bronchial Tree (sup. to inf.)
-main bronchi
-lobar bronchi
-segmental bronchi
-smaller bronchi
Bronchi
lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Larger Bronchioles
lined with ciliated simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells
Smaller Bronchioles
ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium and NO GOBLET CELLS
Terminal Bronchioles
non-ciliated simple cubiodal epithelium
How many alveoli are in each lung?
~1 million
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic
Mediastinum
separates the thoracic cavity into two distinct chambers
Pleural Membrane
From deep to superficial:
-visceral pleura
-pleura cavity
-parietal pleura
Hilum
Passageway of blood vessels and nerves in the lungs
Cardiac Notch
-in the left lung
Why is the left lung lobe smaller?
Because of the heart
Oblique Fissure
-in both lungs
-Left: separates the superior and inferior lobes
-Right: superior part separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe and the middle lobe
Horizontal Fissure
-in the right lung only
Right lung
3 lobes:
-superior
-middle
-inferior
Left lung
2 lobes:
-superior
-inferior
Apex
-superior tip of the lung
Base
Inferior part of the lung
Type I Alveolar Cell
-squamous epithelium
-permit gas exchange
Type II Alveolar Cell
-secrete surfactant (lipid/protein fluid that protect the lung from collapsing)
-reduce surface tension
Alveolar Macrophages
-phagocytotic cells
-engulf particles such as bacteria
