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HLSC 120 - Human Anatomy > Chapter 25 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System Functions

A

-gas transport and exchange
-gas conditioning (via paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity to cleanse, humidify, warm air)
-filters inhaled air
-produces sounds
-olfaction
-defense
eliminates water and heat in the form of vapour

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2
Q

Otorhinolaryngology

A

ENT - ear, nose, throat

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3
Q

Pulmonologist

A

diagnoses and treatment of lung diseases

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4
Q

Organs of the Respiratory System

A

-nose
-nasal cavity
-pharynx (throat)
-larynx (voice box)
-trachea (windpipe)
-bronchi
-lungs

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5
Q

Lower Respiratory System (Tract) Organs (LRT)

A

-trachea
-bronchi
-lungs

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5
Q

Upper Respiratory System (Tract) Organs (URT)

A

-nose
-nasal cavity
-paranasal sinuses
-pharynx
-larynx
-associated structures (ie. tonsils)

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6
Q

What are the tracts of the RT based on?

A

Structure

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6
Q

What are the zones of the RT based on?

A

functions

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7
Q

Conducting Zone Function

A

transfer, filter, warm, moisten, conduct air into the lungs

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8
Q

Conducting Zone Organs

A

-nose
-nasal cavity
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles

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9
Q

Respiratory Zone Functions

A

main sites of gas exchange between air and blood

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10
Q

Respiratory Zone Organs

A

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli

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11
Q

External Nose

A

-skin and muscle covered portion of the nose
-bordered inferiorly by maxillary bones and superiorly by nasal bones

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12
Q

Cartilaginous Framework of External Nose

A

7 parts:
-septal nasal cartilage - unpaired
-lateral nasal cartilages - paired
-major alar cartilages - paired
-minor alar cartilages - paired

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13
Q

Choanae (Choanna)

A

openings that separate the nasal cavity from the throat

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14
Q

Vestibule (nasal cavity)

A

anterior region near the nostrils that allows the passage of air

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15
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

-in the most superior part of the nasal cavity
-contains pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and olfactory receptor cells

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16
Q

Respiratory Region of the Nasal Cavity

A

-moisture
-dust
-bacteria
-filtering
-cleaning

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17
Q

Olfactory Region of the Nasal Cavity

A

-sensing smell

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18
Q

Conchae

A

-bony projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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19
Q

Meatuses

A

-air passages between conchae
-lined by the mucous membrane
-increase surface area and prevent dehydration
-swirl warm & moist air

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20
Q

Goblet Cells

A

secrete mucus that moistens air and traps dust particles

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21
Q

Nose Bleeds

A

-dehydration dries out membrane
-breaks blood vessels

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22
Q

Cilia

A

Move mucus and dust toward the pharynx

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23
Paranasal Sinuses & Nasolacrimal Duct
secretions help moisten the air
24
3 Functions of Internal Structures of the Nose
1. warm, moisten, filter inhaled air 2. Detecting smell 3. Modifying speech as air passes
24
Paranasal Sinuses
-paired air spaces in certain bones of the skull -drain into nasal cavity
25
Paranasal Sinus Functions
-sound resonance -decrease the weight of the skull -warm, swirl, moisten air -modify sound (ie. singing in the shower)
26
Pharynx Functions
-passageway for air, liquid, food -resonating chamber for speech sounds -houses tonsils lines with a mucosa -skeletal muscle control for swallowing
27
Pharynx
-funnel shaped tube with respiratory and digestive functions -3 regions
28
Tonsils (in Pharynx)
immunological reactions against foreign invaders
29
Nasopharynx
houses 5 openings, uvula, tonsils: -2 internal nares -2 eustachian tube openings -1 opening to oropharynx
30
Uvula
-hangs from soft palate and blocks nasal passage so air doesn't go into food and liquid
31
Auditory Tubes
-paired -connect nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity
32
Oropharynx
-middle portion -between soft palate and hyiod -allows food, fluid, air to pass -anterior wall = base of the tongue
33
Fauces
opening of the oral cavity into the oropharynx
34
Palatine Tonsils
Behind palate
35
Lingual Tonsils
Base of the tongue
36
Oropharynx Functions
-digestive and respiratory functions -allow passage of food, fluid, and air
37
Laryngopharynx (aka hypopahrynx)
-begins at hyoid bone and ends at the larynx -a respiratory and a digestive pathway
38
What lines laryngopharynx?
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
39
Innervation of Pharynx Muscles
-innervated by pharyngeal plexus -supplied by glossopharyngeal IX and vagus X nerves
40
Epiglottis
-directs food into the esophagus and air into the trachea
41
Laryngopharynx Functions
digestive and respiratory functions
42
Larynx (aka voice box)
-connects laryngopharynx with the trachea -lies in middle of neck anterior to C4-C6 vertebra
43
Larynx Functions
-passageway for air -produces sounds for speech -sneeze and cough reflex -prevents ingested materials from entering trachea -increases pressure in abdominal cavity
44
Valsalva Maneuver
???
45
How many pieces of cartilage make up the larynx?
9: 3 paired (6) and 3 unpaired
46
Unpaired Larynx Cartilage
-support and protect the larynx -3 of them: thyroid epiglottis cricoid
47
Paired Larynx Cartilage
-involved in sound production -3 of them: arytenoid cuneiform corniculate
48
Vocal Folds
-true vocal cords -open and close for vibrations
49
Vestibular Folds
-false vocal cords -not directly involved in sound production
50
Rima Glottidis
Moved air back and forth
51
Cuneiform and Corniculate Cartilage
Muscles that move cartilage to open and close and create vibrations
52
Epithelial tissue that lines the larynx above the vocal folds?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
53
Epithelial tissue that lines the larynx below the vocal folds?
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium -has ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells
54
Role of mucus in the larynx
Helps trap dust not removed in the upper passages
55
Trachea (aka windpipe)
-tubular passageway for air -in-front of esophagus, below larynx, above bronchi
56
Tracheal Cartilage
-support the trachea -C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage -connected by annular ligaments
56
Trachealis Muscle
-connect the tracheal cartilage posteriorly -control the diameter of the trachea depending O2 demand changes
56
Lining of trachea
pseudostratified columnar epithelium that have goblet cells that secrete mucin
57
Location of the trachea
T5
58
Divisions of the Bronchial Tree (sup. to inf.)
-main bronchi -lobar bronchi -segmental bronchi -smaller bronchi
59
Bronchi
lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
60
Larger Bronchioles
lined with ciliated simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells
61
Smaller Bronchioles
ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium and NO GOBLET CELLS
62
Terminal Bronchioles
non-ciliated simple cubiodal epithelium
63
How many alveoli are in each lung?
~1 million
64
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic
65
Mediastinum
separates the thoracic cavity into two distinct chambers
65
Pleural Membrane
From deep to superficial: -visceral pleura -pleura cavity -parietal pleura
66
Hilum
Passageway of blood vessels and nerves in the lungs
67
Cardiac Notch
-in the left lung
68
Why is the left lung lobe smaller?
Because of the heart
69
Oblique Fissure
-in both lungs -Left: separates the superior and inferior lobes -Right: superior part separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe and the middle lobe
70
Horizontal Fissure
-in the right lung only
71
Right lung
3 lobes: -superior -middle -inferior
72
Left lung
2 lobes: -superior -inferior
73
Apex
-superior tip of the lung
74
Base
Inferior part of the lung
75
Type I Alveolar Cell
-squamous epithelium -permit gas exchange
76
Type II Alveolar Cell
-secrete surfactant (lipid/protein fluid that protect the lung from collapsing) -reduce surface tension
77
Alveolar Macrophages
-phagocytotic cells -engulf particles such as bacteria

HLSC 120 - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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