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HLSC 120 - Human Anatomy > Chapter 19 - Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Stimuli

A

Sensory information that initiate action potentials and perception in our bodies

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2
Q

Sensation/Perception

A

our conscious awareness of stimuli

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3
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

detect stimuli

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4
Q

General Sense Receptors

A

sense temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure

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5
Q

Special Sense Receptors

A

sense gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, hearing

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6
Q

Transducers

A

change one form of energy into another ie. visual light receptors change light energy into electrical energy on the optic nerve

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7
Q

Olfaction

A

-sense of smells
-can recognize 10 000 different smells
-nose contains 10 million receptors

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8
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

consists of 3 types of cells
-receptors
-supporting
-basal

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9
Q

Olfactory Receptor Cells

A

Detect odour

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10
Q

Supporting Cells

A

-support, nourishment, insulation to receptor cells, odour-binding proteins

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11
Q

Basal Cells

A

replace worn out olfactory receptor cells

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12
Q

Olfactory (Bowman’s) Glands

A

mucous producing glands that moisten the epithelial surface and dissolve odorant molecules

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13
Q

The Olfactory Pathway

A

olfactory receptor-> olfactory (CN I) nerves-> olfactory bulbs-> olfactory tract-> cerebral cortex-> olfactory cortex (temporal lobe)

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14
Q

Gustation

A

-sense of taste
-receptors are located in adult taste buds

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15
Q

Sweet

A

sugars

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16
Q

Salty

A

Na+ and Cl-

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17
Q

Sour

A

acids (H+)

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18
Q

Bitter

A

alkaloids

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19
Q

Umami

A

amino acids

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20
Q

Taste Buds

A

-found in tongue, soft palate, epiglottis, pharynx
-3 types of papillae contain taste buds

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21
Q

Papillae

A

4 types - elevations on the tongue where taste buds are found

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22
Q

Filiform Papillae

A

-contain tactile receptors but NO TASTE BUDS
-increase friction between tongue and food so tongue can move food into oral cavity

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23
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A

-5 taste buds each
-mushroom shaped elevations scattered over entire surface of the tongue

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24
Q

Vallate (Circular) Papillae

A

-100-300 taste buds
-form an inverted V-shaped row at the back of the tongue

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25
Q

Foliate Papillae

A

-located on the lateral margins of the tongue
-most of their taste buds degenerate in early childhood

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26
Q

Gustatory Pathway

A

taste buds-> gustatory receptor-> CN VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus)-> gustatory nucleus (MO)-> thalamus-> Insula (cerebral cortex)-> primary gustatory cortex-> perception of taste

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27
Q

Accessory Structures

A

-prevent foreign objects from entering
-keep surface moist, clean, lubricated

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28
Q

Eyelid

A

-aka palpebrae
-anterior, moveable protective covering of the eye

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29
Q

Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle

A

weak twitch

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30
Q

Palpebral Fissure

A

space between eyelids

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31
Q

Lacrimal Caruncle

A

-contain sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
-pink bump containing ciliary glands that produce gritty secretion

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32
Q

Tarsal Plate

A

supports the eyelids

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33
Q

Tarsal Glands

A

-located in tarsal plates
-prevent tear overflow and sticking together of eyelids
-sebaceous glands

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34
Q

Chalazion

A

tumor or cyst in tarsal glands

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35
Q

Conjuctiva

A

lining over the anterior surface of the eye

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36
Q

Palpebral Conjuctiva

A

thin, protective mucous membrane

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37
Q

Eyebrows

A

-prevent sweat from dripping into the eye

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38
Q

Eyelashes

A

prevent foreign objects from entering eyes

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39
Q

Medial and Lateral Palpebral Commissures

A

corners of the eyes

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40
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

-tears are produced in lacrimal gland
-dispersed across eye when we blink
-fluid enters the lacrimal puncta and drains into lacrimal canaliculi, collects in lacrimal sac
-drains through nasolacrimal duct
-enters nasal cavity

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41
Q

Orbital Fat

A

cushions the eye within the socket

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42
Q

Anterior Cavity

A

-in front of the lens
-contains circulating aqueous humor

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43
Q

Posterior Cavity

A

-behind the lens
-contains permanent vitreous humor

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44
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

-secreted by ciliary processes into the posterior chamber
-moves from posterior chamber, through the pupil, to the anterior chamber
-excess is reabsorbed by scleral venous sinus

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45
Q

Wall of the Eye

A

3 layers

46
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A

-sclera
-cornea
-sclera venous sinus

47
Q

Sclera

A

-support, protection, shape of the eye, muscle attachment
-the white of the eye

48
Q

Cornea

A

-avascular collagenous tissue
-refracts light rays coming into the eye

49
Q

Scleral Venous Sinus

A

-collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and delivers it to the bloodstream

50
Q

Vascular Tunic

A

-choroid
-ciliary body
-iris
-pupil
-lens

51
Q

Choroid

A

-vascular
-melanocytes (absorbs light)
-supplies nourishment to the retina

52
Q

Ciliary Body

A

-melanocytes, aqueous humor
-smooth muscles and an inner secretory epithelium
-between choroid and iris
-secretes aqueous humor
-holds suspensory ligaments that change the shape of the lens

53
Q

Iris

A

-coloured portion of the eyeball
-two smooth muscles that control pupil diameter

54
Q

Pupil

A

-opening in the iris that regulates the amount of light that enters

55
Q

Lens

A

changes shape to focus light on the retina

56
Q

Inner Tunic

A

-macula lutea
-fovea centralis
-optic disc
-hyaloid canal

57
Q

Retina

A

-converts light into impulses
-layer at the back of the eyeball

58
Q

Pigmented Layer

A

-melanin helps absorb stray light rays
-provides vitamin A for photoreceptors
-passes on nutrients and oxygen

59
Q

Neural Layer

A

-contains photoreceptors that convert light into impulses
-3 layers

60
Q

Photoreceptor Cells

A

-outermost layer composed of rods and cones

61
Q

Rods

A

-night vision

62
Q

Cones

A

-precise and colour vision

63
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

synapse with photoreceptors and ganglion cells

64
Q

Horizontal Cells

A

some lie between photoreceptors and bipolar cells

65
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

-innermost layer of the retina
-axons of these cells leave the retina and form the optic nerve (CN II)

66
Q

Amacrine Cells

A

-between bipolar cells and ganglion cells
-help process and integrate visual info

67
Q

Are there more rods or cones in human eyes?

A

20x more rods than cones

68
Q

Optic Disc

A

-“blind spot”
-located on the retina
-lacks photoreceptors
-located where ganglion cells exit to form optic nerve
-also where blood vessels enter/exit retina

69
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

-depression in the retina
-contains the highest amount of cones and almost no rods
-area of sharpest vision

70
Q

Macula Lutea

A

-houses fovea
-yellow region
-sharp detailed vision
-located on retina

71
Q

Visual Pathway

A

bipolar cells->optic nerve (CN II)->optic chiasm->optic tract->lateral geniculate nucleus-thalamus->primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe->superior colliculi (visual reflexes)->pretectal nuclei (accommodation of reflexes)

72
Q

External Ear

A

collects sounds waves

73
Q

Pinna (aka auricle)

A

-directs sound waves into the ear canal

74
Q

External Auditory Canal

A

-funnels sound waves to the tympanic membrane
-bony tube

75
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

-produces a waxlike secretion called cerumen
-combines with dead skin cells to from ear wax
-helps reduce infection

76
Q

Tympanic Membrane (aka eardrum)

A

-vibrates when hit with sound waves
-transmit sound energy into middle and inner ear

77
Q

Umbo

A

-central point of maximum depression
-marks the end of the manubrium of the malleus

78
Q

Middle Ear

A

-transmits sound waves to the oval window
-small, air-filled cavity in the temporal bone

79
Q

Ossicles

A

-malleus, incus, stapes
-amplify the vibrations
-footplate of the stapes fits into the oval window
-initiate waves in the inner ear fluid

80
Q

Tensor Tympani and Stapedius Muscle

A

restrict ossicle movement when loud noises occur (protect sensitive receptors in the ear)

81
Q

Auditory Tube (aka eustachian tube)

A

-opens to the nasopharynx from the middle ear
-normally closed
-air movement when yawning, chewing, swallowing allows pressure in ear to equalize

82
Q

Inner Ear

A

-receptors for hearing and equilibrium
-aka labyrinth
-2 divisons
-located in temporal bone

83
Q

Bony Labyrinth

A

-outer part that encloses an inner membranous labyrinth
-3 areas: semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea

84
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

-membrane lines, fluid filled tubes
-houses receptors for equilibrium and hearing

85
Q

Perilymph

A

-within bony labyrinth
-space between bony and membranous
-similar composition of ECF and CSF
-suspends, supports, protects membranous labyrinth from wall of the bony labyrinth
-in scala vestibuli and tympani

86
Q

Endolymph

A

-in membranous labyrinth
-low Na+ high K+ conc. similar to ICF
-in scala media

87
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

-contain membranous labyrinth structure called semicircular duct
-fluid filled tubes that help with balance associated with circular motion

88
Q

Vestibule

A

-contain saccule and utricle which sense linear motion
-utricle: horizontal motion
-saccule: vertical motion

89
Q

Cochlea

A

-houses cochlear duct (membranous labyrinth)
-hearing

90
Q

Macula

A

-sensory receptor located along internal walls of saccule and utricle
-composed of hair cells and supporting cells

91
Q

Hair Cells

A

-sensory receptors of the inner ear for hearing and equilibrium
-release NTs to sensory neurons

92
Q

Stereocilia and Kinocilium

A

-line apical surface of each hair cell
-release NTs when bent certain directions
-embedded in gelatinous layer

93
Q

Otoliths

A

-also in gel layer (otolithic membrane)
-calcium carbonate crystals

94
Q

Modiolus

A

three turns of the cochlea around one bony core

95
Q

Coclea Divisions

A

-divided into three channels (scala)

96
Q

Scala Media

A

-aka cochlear duct
-roof: vestibular membrane
-floor: basilar membrane
-filled with endolymph

97
Q

Scala Vestibuli

A

-adjacent to vestibular membrane
-perilymph

98
Q

Scala Tympani

A

-adjacent to basilar membrane
-perilymph

99
Q

Helicotremma

A

-interconnect scala vestibuli and tympani at the apex of the cochlea

100
Q

Organ of Corti

A

-the sensory structure for hearing
-hair cells and supporting cells rest on basilar membrane
-single row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells (alter response to sound)

101
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A

-stereocilia and kinocilium on apical hair cell surface housed in this gelatinous structure

102
Q

Spiral Ganglion

A

-house cell bodies of sensory neurons

103
Q

Auditory Pathway

A

spiral ganglia->cochlear nuclei (MO)-> lateral lemniscus->inferior colliculus-> superior olivary nucleus (pons)-> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)-> primary auditory area-> temporal lobe

104
Q

Static (linear) Equilibrum

A

-maintain position of body relative to gravity
-receptors in saccule and utricle (macula)

105
Q

Dynamic (rotational) Equilibrium

A

-maintain body position in relation to sudden movements
-receptors in semicircular canal (crista)

106
Q

Semicircular Ducts

A

-ampulla
-crista
-capula

107
Q

Ampulla

A

expanded region, farthest from utricle connection

108
Q

Crista

A

-elevated region
-covered by hair and supporting cells

109
Q

Cupula

A

-where crista embeds hair cells into this gelatinous dome

110
Q

Equilibrium Pathway

A

vestibular ganglia-> vestibular branchof CN VIII-> vestibular nuclei-> inferior cerebral peduncles

111
Q

Vestibular Nuclei

A

integrate info from vestibular, visual and proprioceptors and send commands

HLSC 120 - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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