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HLSC 120 - Human Anatomy > Chapter 22 - The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of the heart

A

propels blood through 100 000km of vessels and about 5L per minute

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2
Q

Cardiology

A

Study of the heart

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3
Q

Location of the heart

A

-center of the cardiovascular system

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4
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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5
Q

Veins

A

carry blood back to the heart

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6
Q

Great Vessels

A

arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart

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7
Q

Heart Valves Purpose

A

ensure blood flow is unidirectional

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8
Q

Heart Structure

A

two side-by-side pumps that work at the same rate and pump the same volume of blood

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9
Q

Pumps

A

one goes to the lungs (pick up oxygen) and one goes to body tissue (deliver oxygen)

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10
Q

Blood Pressure

A

-heart generates BP through alternate cycles of contraction and relaxation
-the force of blood pushing against the inside walls of blood vessels

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11
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

-starts with the right side of the heart pumping deoxy blood through pulmonary arteries

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12
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

carry blood to left side of the heart after O2 pickup and CO2 release

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13
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

left side of the heart pumps blood oxygenated blood through systemic arteries to bodys cells

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14
Q

Systemic Veins

A

carry blood back to the right side of the heart after waste/gas exchange

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15
Q

Pattern of blood flow

A

R side of heart-> lungs-> L side of heart-> systemic cells

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16
Q

Position of the Heart

A

-located slightly left of the midline
-deep to sternum

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17
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space that holds the heart

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18
Q

Right Border

A

located more anteriorly

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19
Q

Left Border

A

located more posteriorly

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20
Q

The base of the heart

A

-poserosuperior surface
-mainly the left atrium

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21
Q

The superior border of the heart

A

formed by the great arterial vessels and the superior vena cava

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22
Q

Apex

A

-located on diaphragm
-inferior conical end

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23
Q

Inferior Border

A

formed by the right ventricle

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24
Q

Pericardium

A

-double serous membrane that encloses the heart
-restricts movement slightly in the thorax
-2 parts:

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25
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

tough outer sac

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26
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

-composed of parietal and visceral layers
-free (not attached)

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27
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

thin space between layers of serous pericardium containing serous fluid

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28
Q

Functions of Fibrous Pericardium

A

-made of dense irregular connective tissue
-prevents overstretching of the heart
-provides protection
-anchors heart to mediastinum
-**attached to thoracic cavity

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29
Q

Layers of Serous Pericardium

A

-outer: partietal
-serous fluid
-inner: visceral

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30
Q

Epicardium

A

-visceral layer of serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue
-most superficial layer

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31
Q

Myocardium

A

-cardiac muscle
-middle layer
-thickest layer
-responsible for beating and contraction

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32
Q

Endocardium

A

-internal surface of heart chambers
-simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
-deepest layer of the heart wall

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33
Q

Cardiac Muscle Intercellular Junctions

A

-intercalculated discs
=desmosomes (flexibility) + gap junctions (electrical signal)

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34
Q

4 Heart Chambers

A

-2 superior and smaller atria
-2 inferior and larger ventricles

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35
Q

Auricle

A

formed by the anterior part of each atrium

36
Q

Blood Flow through heart

A

-R atrium to R ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary circulation
-L atrium to L ventricle, aorta, systemic circulaton

37
Q

Heart Markings

A

-3 major surface markings, or grooves, called sulci

38
Q

Sulci

A

-coronary blood vessels and fat
-mark the boundary between the two chambers of the heart

39
Q

Coronary Sulcus

A

-marks boundary between atrium and ventricle

40
Q

Anterior Interventricular Sulcus

A

-separates left and right ventricles
-anterior interventricular artery

41
Q

Posterior Interventricular Sulcus

A

-separates ventricles on posterior side of the heart
-posterior interventricular artery

42
Q

Right Atrium

A

forms the right border of the heart

43
Q

Where Right Atrium received deoxy blood from

A

-superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava
-coronary sinus (from heart surface)

44
Q

Pectinate Muscles

A

internal smooth muscle ridges on the atrial wall that expand to account for blood volume

45
Q

Interatrial Septum

A

-contains fossa ovalis
-separates R and L ventricles

46
Q

Fossa Ovalis

A
47
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

-right atrioventricular valve
-separates R atrium form right ventricle

48
Q

Right Ventricle

A

-forms most of the anterior surface
-recieved deoxy blood from R atrium

49
Q

Trabeculae Carneae

A

raised bundles of smooth muscular ridges

50
Q

Papillary Muscle

A

-cone shaped muscular projections
-control valve

51
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

-strands of collagen fibers
-attaches to AV walls and papillary muscle
-open/close of valve w papillary muscle

52
Q

Septomarginal Trabecula

A

secures papillary muscles to the interventricular septum

53
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

-separates R ventricle from pulmonary artery (deoxy blood to lungs)

54
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

muscular wall that divides the hearts ventricles into the L and R halves

55
Q

Pulmonary Trunk

A

-artery that transports deoxy blood from heart to lungs

56
Q

Left Atrium

A

-forms most of the base of the heart (posterior part)
-receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

57
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

-two from each lung
-bring oxygenated blood into heart from the lungs

58
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

-aka mitral or Left AV valve
-separates chambers on L side of the heart

59
Q

Left Ventricle

A

-thickest part of the heart
-forms the apex of the heart
-contains same trabeculae carneae and chordae tendineae

60
Q

Conus Arteriosus

A

-smooth wall conical region
-cone shaped outflow tract of the ventricle
-lack trabeculeae

61
Q

Aorta

A

-blood flows here from the left ventricle

61
Q

Atria Characteristics

A

-thinner
-generate less pressure
-deliver blood a short distance

62
Q

Ventricle Characteristics

A

-3x thicker
-generate more pressure
-L is thicker than R

63
Q

Fibrous Skeleton

A

-dense irregular connective tissue in the heart wall

64
Q

Functions of the Fibrous Skeleton

A

-prevent overstretching of the valves
-secure valves to heart wall
-point of insertion for bundles of muscle fibres
-electrical insulation between atria and ventricles

65
Q

Purpose of Valves

A

-prevent backflow into the heart

66
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

-3 flaps
-aka Right AV Valve

67
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

-2 flaps
-aka Left AV Valve

68
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

-allow ejection of blood from the ventricles
-prevent back flow back into heart

69
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

-between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

70
Q

Aortic Valve

A

-separates left ventricle from aorta

71
Q

Coronary Circulation (Arteries)

A

-coronary vessels pick up blood in the aorta and supply it to the two branches

72
Q

Right Coronary Branches

A
  1. Right marginal artery
  2. Posterior interventricular artery
73
Q

Right Marginal Artery

A

supplies the right border of the heart

74
Q

Posterior Interventricular Artery

A

supplies posterior surfaces of the left and right ventricles

75
Q

Left Coronary Artery Branches

A
  1. Anterior Interventricular Artery
  2. Circumflex Artery
76
Q

Anterior Interventricular Artery

A

-aka left anterior descending artery
-supplies the anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the interventricular septum

77
Q

Circumflex Artery

A

-supplies left atrium and ventricle

78
Q

Cardiac Conduction System

A

-the power station
-specialized cells that start and propagate electrical impulses to contractile cells

79
Q

Autorhythmic Cells

A

-1%

80
Q

SinoAtrial Noden

A

-group of autorhythmic cardiac muscle fibers
-pacemaker
-Na+K+ channels are always open

81
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A
82
Q

Contractile Cells

A

-99%

83
Q

Role of the Nervous System

A

-can alter the pace of contractions (along with certain hormones)
-does not initiate contractions

84
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

-initiates its own heartbeats

85
Q

Bundle of His

A
86
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

HLSC 120 - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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