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KNH 209 > Chapter 7: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

glands

A

the signal makers and senders of the endocrine system

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2
Q

hypothalamus

A

main gland that affects most of the other glands in the body and sits under the thalamus; its main role is to direct activity of the pituitary gland

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3
Q

pituitary gland

A

gland that makes and releases chemical signals via releasing hormones and is made up of anterior and posterior parts

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4
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

origin for many very important hormones that travel by blood and stimulate glands like the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and gonads

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5
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in front of the neck just below the Adam’s apple; makes hormones that affects metabolism and a hormone that helps control the level of calcium in the blood

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6
Q

parathyroid glands

A

located behind the thyroid gland; makes a hormone that works along with the thyroid hormone to control the blood’s calcium level

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7
Q

pancreas

A

located under the stomach; both an endocrine gland and gastrointestinal organ; sends hormones directly into the bloodstream to help keep blood sugar level in balance and secretes enzymes be ducts (exocrine) directly into intestines to help with digestion

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8
Q

adrenal gland

A

located atop the kidneys; inner layer that makes adrenaline and outer layer that makes hormones to 1) keep mineral levels in balance and maintain proper volume of water and salt in the blood and 2) keep blood sugar levels in balance and affect response to inflammation

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9
Q

gonads

A

help with expression of male and female characteristics

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10
Q

testes

A

male gonads that produce testosterone

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11
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads that secrete estrogens that help develop female attributes and prepare the body for pregnancy

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12
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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13
Q

adren/o, adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland

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14
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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15
Q

pituitar/o, hypophys/o

A

pituitary gland

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16
Q

thym/o

A

thymus (organ found in the upper chest, under the sternum and in front of the heart)

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17
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid

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18
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland

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19
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland

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20
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the gonads

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21
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the gonads

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22
Q

growth hormone (GH) and prolactin

A

two additional hormones produced by the pituitary gland

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23
Q

T4 and T3

A

hormones produced by the thyroid gland that affect metabolism

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24
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone produced by the thyroid gland that encourages uptake of calcium in the blood into bone, keeping the calcium level from getting too high

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25
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

overactive thyroid leading to higher than normal metabolism; linked to weight loss, increased hunger, diarrhea, and nervousness

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26
Q

hypothyroidism

A

underactive thyroid leading to decreased metabolism; linked to weight gain, decreased energy and appetite, and constipation

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27
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

hormone that is the opposite of calcitonin; keeps the level of calcium in the blood from getting too low by releasing calcium from bones into the blood

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28
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by the pancreas that decreases the level of blood sugar, encouraging cells to take glucose in

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29
Q

glucagon

A

hormone produced by the pancreas that tells the liver to release stored sugar and increase sugar levels in the blood

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30
Q

epinephrine

A

aka adrenaline, hormone produced in the inner adrenal glands that plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing heart rate and opening airways to get more oxygen

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31
Q

norepinephrine

A

hormone produced in the inner adrenal glands with a similar function to epinephrine

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32
Q

cortex

A

outer part of the adrenal gland

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33
Q

corticosteroids

A

steroid hormones produced in the outer adrenal gland (cortex): mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids

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34
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

steroids produced in the cortex that aid in mineral balance

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35
Q

glucocortoids

A

steroids produced in the cortex that aid in sugar balance

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36
Q

testosterone

A

produced by testes; triggers sperm production and development of masculine body characteristics like increased muscle and facial hair

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37
Q

estrogens

A

produced by ovaries; cause development and release of eggs and development of female attributes like breasts and wide hips

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38
Q

gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o

A

sugar

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39
Q

crin/o

A

to secrete

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40
Q

-tropin

A

stimulating hormone

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41
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

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42
Q

-uria

A

urine condition

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43
Q

polyphagia

A

constant hunger

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44
Q

hirutism

A

overactive adrenal glands in females leading to facial hair

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45
Q

hypergonadism

A

hyperactive gonad in females that can lead to periods or breast development at an early age

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46
Q

menarche

A

female’s first period

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47
Q

thelarche

A

beginning of breast development

48
Q

amenorrhea

A

lack of menstruation due to underfunctioning gonads

49
Q

gynecomastia

A

breast development in males

50
Q

acromegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the extremities

51
Q

adrenal virilism

A

development of male secondary characteristics caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal gland

52
Q

exophthalmos

A

protrusion of the eyes out of the eye socket

53
Q

goiter

A

swollen thyroid gland

54
Q

hypoglycemic

A

pertaining to low blood sugar

55
Q

myxedema

A

swelling of the skin caused by deposits under the skin; swelling and puffiness of hands and face due to hypothyroidism

56
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

abnormally short height caused by undersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

57
Q

pituitary gigantism

A

abnormally tall height caused by oversecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

58
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

59
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

60
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

creating of sugar

61
Q

glycolysis

A

breaking down of sugar

62
Q

euglycemia

A

good blood sugar

63
Q

glucosuria

A

sugar in the urine

64
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high blood sugar

65
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar

66
Q

uremia

A

presence of urinary waste in the blood

67
Q

corticotropin

A

shorter name for adrenocorticotropic hormone

68
Q

gonadotropin

A

hormone that stimulates the gonads

69
Q

thyrotropic

A

hormone that stimulates the thyroid

70
Q

endocrine

A

to secrete internally (i.e. into the bloodstream)

71
Q

endocrinologist

A

specialist in internal secretions

72
Q

euthyroid

A

normally functioning thyroid

73
Q

insufficient

A

gland not making enough hormone

74
Q
A
75
Q

adrenocortical insufficiency

A

cortex of adrenal gland doesn’t make enough cortisol

76
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor on a gland

77
Q

pituitary infarctions

A

bleeding in the pituitary gland decreasing number of gland cells available to make hormones and causing it to function abnormally

78
Q

adenitis

A

inflammation of a gland

79
Q

adenoma

A

glandular tumor

80
Q

insulinoma

A

tumor that secretes insulin (found in the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas)

81
Q

adrenalitis

A

inflammation of adrenal gland

82
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

metabolic disease characterized by excessive urination and hyperglycemia

83
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

overproduction by the parathyroid glands

84
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

overfunctioning of the pituitary gland

85
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

overproduction by the thyroid

86
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

underproduction by the parathyroid

87
Q

hypopituitarism

A

condition caused by the undersecretion of the pituitary gland

88
Q

hypothyroidism

A

underproduction by the thyroid

89
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

90
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

defective or absent function of the entire pituitary gland

91
Q

thyroiditis

A

inflammation of the thyroid

92
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone (an extreme version of this is known as “thyroid storm”)

93
Q

hormone replacement therapy

A

giving patient supplemental hormones to bring low hormone levels back to normal

94
Q

adenectomy

A

removal of a gland

95
Q

adrenalectomy

A

removal of the adrenal gland

96
Q

hypophysectomy

A

removal of the pituitary gland

97
Q

pancreatectomy

A

removal of the pancreas

98
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus

99
Q

thyroid function tests

A

tests performed to evaluate the function of the thyroid

100
Q

thyroidectomy

A

removal of the thyroid

101
Q

throidotomy

A

incision into the thyroid

102
Q

thyroidotoxin

A

substance poisonous to the thyroid

103
Q

BS

A

blood sugar

104
Q

CGM

A

continuous glucose monitor

105
Q

CSII

A

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

106
Q

DI

A

diabetes insipidus

107
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

108
Q

FBS

A

fasting blood sugar

109
Q

GDM

A

gestational diabetes mellitus

110
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

111
Q

IDDM

A

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1)

112
Q

NIISM

A

noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2)

113
Q

TFT

A

thyroid function test

114
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)

115
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine (one of the two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)

116
Q

T4

A

thyroxine (one of the two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)

KNH 209 (10 decks)

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