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KNH 209 > Chapter 7: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

glands

A

the signal makers and senders of the endocrine system

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2
Q

hypothalamus

A

main gland that affects most of the other glands in the body and sits under the thalamus; its main role is to direct activity of the pituitary gland

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3
Q

pituitary gland

A

gland that makes and releases chemical signals via releasing hormones and is made up of anterior and posterior parts

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4
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

origin for many very important hormones that travel by blood and stimulate glands like the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and gonads

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5
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in front of the neck just below the Adam’s apple; makes hormones that affects metabolism and a hormone that helps control the level of calcium in the blood

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6
Q

parathyroid glands

A

located behind the thyroid gland; makes a hormone that works along with the thyroid hormone to control the blood’s calcium level

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7
Q

pancreas

A

located under the stomach; both an endocrine gland and gastrointestinal organ; sends hormones directly into the bloodstream to help keep blood sugar level in balance and secretes enzymes be ducts (exocrine) directly into intestines to help with digestion

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8
Q

adrenal gland

A

located atop the kidneys; inner layer that makes adrenaline and outer layer that makes hormones to 1) keep mineral levels in balance and maintain proper volume of water and salt in the blood and 2) keep blood sugar levels in balance and affect response to inflammation

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9
Q

gonads

A

help with expression of male and female characteristics

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10
Q

testes

A

male gonads that produce testosterone

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11
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads that secrete estrogens that help develop female attributes and prepare the body for pregnancy

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12
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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13
Q

adren/o, adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland

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14
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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15
Q

pituitar/o, hypophys/o

A

pituitary gland

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16
Q

thym/o

A

thymus (organ found in the upper chest, under the sternum and in front of the heart)

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17
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid

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18
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland

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19
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland

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20
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the gonads

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21
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the gonads

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22
Q

growth hormone (GH) and prolactin

A

two additional hormones produced by the pituitary gland

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23
Q

T4 and T3

A

hormones produced by the thyroid gland that affect metabolism

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24
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone produced by the thyroid gland that encourages uptake of calcium in the blood into bone, keeping the calcium level from getting too high

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25
hyperthyroidism
overactive thyroid leading to higher than normal metabolism; linked to weight loss, increased hunger, diarrhea, and nervousness
26
hypothyroidism
underactive thyroid leading to decreased metabolism; linked to weight gain, decreased energy and appetite, and constipation
27
parathyroid hormone
hormone that is the opposite of calcitonin; keeps the level of calcium in the blood from getting too low by releasing calcium from bones into the blood
28
insulin
hormone produced by the pancreas that decreases the level of blood sugar, encouraging cells to take glucose in
29
glucagon
hormone produced by the pancreas that tells the liver to release stored sugar and increase sugar levels in the blood
30
epinephrine
aka adrenaline, hormone produced in the inner adrenal glands that plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing heart rate and opening airways to get more oxygen
31
norepinephrine
hormone produced in the inner adrenal glands with a similar function to epinephrine
32
cortex
outer part of the adrenal gland
33
corticosteroids
steroid hormones produced in the outer adrenal gland (cortex): mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids
34
mineralcorticoids
steroids produced in the cortex that aid in mineral balance
35
glucocortoids
steroids produced in the cortex that aid in sugar balance
36
testosterone
produced by testes; triggers sperm production and development of masculine body characteristics like increased muscle and facial hair
37
estrogens
produced by ovaries; cause development and release of eggs and development of female attributes like breasts and wide hips
38
gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o
sugar
39
crin/o
to secrete
40
-tropin
stimulating hormone
41
-emia
blood condition
42
-uria
urine condition
43
polyphagia
constant hunger
44
hirutism
overactive adrenal glands in females leading to facial hair
45
hypergonadism
hyperactive gonad in females that can lead to periods or breast development at an early age
46
menarche
female's first period
47
thelarche
beginning of breast development
48
amenorrhea
lack of menstruation due to underfunctioning gonads
49
gynecomastia
breast development in males
50
acromegaly
abnormal enlargement of the extremities
51
adrenal virilism
development of male secondary characteristics caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal gland
52
exophthalmos
protrusion of the eyes out of the eye socket
53
goiter
swollen thyroid gland
54
hypoglycemic
pertaining to low blood sugar
55
myxedema
swelling of the skin caused by deposits under the skin; swelling and puffiness of hands and face due to hypothyroidism
56
pituitary dwarfism
abnormally short height caused by undersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
57
pituitary gigantism
abnormally tall height caused by oversecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
58
polydipsia
excessive thirst
59
polyuria
excessive urination
60
gluconeogenesis
creating of sugar
61
glycolysis
breaking down of sugar
62
euglycemia
good blood sugar
63
glucosuria
sugar in the urine
64
hyperglycemia
high blood sugar
65
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
66
uremia
presence of urinary waste in the blood
67
corticotropin
shorter name for adrenocorticotropic hormone
68
gonadotropin
hormone that stimulates the gonads
69
thyrotropic
hormone that stimulates the thyroid
70
endocrine
to secrete internally (i.e. into the bloodstream)
71
endocrinologist
specialist in internal secretions
72
euthyroid
normally functioning thyroid
73
insufficient
gland not making enough hormone
74
75
adrenocortical insufficiency
cortex of adrenal gland doesn't make enough cortisol
76
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor on a gland
77
pituitary infarctions
bleeding in the pituitary gland decreasing number of gland cells available to make hormones and causing it to function abnormally
78
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
79
adenoma
glandular tumor
80
insulinoma
tumor that secretes insulin (found in the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas)
81
adrenalitis
inflammation of adrenal gland
82
diabetes mellitus
metabolic disease characterized by excessive urination and hyperglycemia
83
hyperparathyroidism
overproduction by the parathyroid glands
84
hyperpituitarism
overfunctioning of the pituitary gland
85
hyperthyroidism
overproduction by the thyroid
86
hypoparathyroidism
underproduction by the parathyroid
87
hypopituitarism
condition caused by the undersecretion of the pituitary gland
88
hypothyroidism
underproduction by the thyroid
89
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
90
panhypopituitarism
defective or absent function of the entire pituitary gland
91
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid
92
thyrotoxicosis
condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone (an extreme version of this is known as "thyroid storm")
93
hormone replacement therapy
giving patient supplemental hormones to bring low hormone levels back to normal
94
adenectomy
removal of a gland
95
adrenalectomy
removal of the adrenal gland
96
hypophysectomy
removal of the pituitary gland
97
pancreatectomy
removal of the pancreas
98
thymectomy
removal of the thymus
99
thyroid function tests
tests performed to evaluate the function of the thyroid
100
thyroidectomy
removal of the thyroid
101
throidotomy
incision into the thyroid
102
thyroidotoxin
substance poisonous to the thyroid
103
BS
blood sugar
104
CGM
continuous glucose monitor
105
CSII
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
106
DI
diabetes insipidus
107
DM
diabetes mellitus
108
FBS
fasting blood sugar
109
GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus
110
GTT
glucose tolerance test
111
IDDM
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1)
112
NIISM
noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2)
113
TFT
thyroid function test
114
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
115
T3
triiodothyronine (one of the two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)
116
T4
thyroxine (one of the two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)

KNH 209 (10 decks)

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