Chapter 7: Substance Related Disorders Flashcards
What is polydrug use?
Consumption of multiple substances.
What percentage of Canadians aged 15+ are smokers?
15%
What is a substance use disorder?
Patterns of maladaptive behavior involving the use of psychoactive substances.
What are substance-induced disorders?
Disorders induced by the use of psychoactive substances.
What is psychoactive?
A term used to describe chemical substances or drugs that have psychological effects.
What are signs of intoxication?
Confusion, belligerence, impaired judgement, inattention, impaired motor and spacial skills.
What is withdrawal syndrome?
Cluster of withdrawal symptoms following the sudden reduction or abrupt cessation of use of a psychoactive substance after previous prolonged usage.
What are withdrawal symptoms?
Dry mouth, tachycardia, anxiety, depression, elevated blood pressure, nausea, weakness, hallucinations.
What are symptoms of chronic alcoholism withdrawal?
Tachycardia, delirium, disorientation.
What is tolerance?
Physical habituation to a drug such that with frequent use, higher doses are required to achieve the same effect.
What is addiction?
Impaired control over the use of a chemical substance accompanied by physiological dependence.
What are depressants?
Drugs that lower the level of activity in the central nervous system.
What are risk factors for alcoholism?
Gender, age, APD, family history, sociodemographic factors.
What health conditions may be caused by alcoholism?
Cancer Heart disease, Korsakoff's syndrome Cirrhosis of liver Pancreatitis FAS
What are barbituates?
A class of depressants known as sedatives; relieve anxiety and induce sleep. Highly addictive.
When mixed with alcohol, what is the result of consuming barbituates?
Massive inhibition in CNS, increased drowsiness/sleep and motor impairment, possible death.
What are opiates?
Class of depressant drug derived from opium poppy.
Have strong addictive properties due to pain-killing mechanism.
What are examples of opiates?
Morphine, heroin, codeine.
What are narcotics?
Drugs used for pain relief/sleep.
What are endorphins?
Endogenous form of opiates that function similarly n the CNS.
What are amphetamines?
Class of stimulants that produces a euphoric rush. ie methenphetamine.
What are amphetamine abstinence symptoms?
Depression, restlessness, increased appetite.
What is amphetamine psychosis?
Psychotic state induced by ingestion of amphetamine due to increased concentration of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, mimics episodes of schizophrenia.
What is cocaine?
A natural stimulant (anaesthetic originally) that produces euphoric rush.
What is crack?
Hardened, smokable form of cocaine.
What is freebasing?
Cocaine in powder form is heated with ether to free the psychoactive chemical base of the drug, then smoked to intensify the effects.
What neurotransmitter does cocaine increase the availability of?
Dopamine.
What are the immediate symptoms of cocaine use?
A rise in blood pressure, constricted blood vessels, accelerated heart rate.
What are the symptoms of a cocaine overdose?
Restlessness, insomnia, headaches, nausea, convulsions, tremors, hallucinations. Respiratory/cardiovascular collapse.
What are the effects of nicotine?
Increased alertness, release of epinephrine (generate rapid heartbeat and raise blood glucose)
Releases endorphins
What are nicotine withdrawal symptoms?
Fatigue, depression, irritability, insomnia, lowered heart rate, increased appetite, sweating, craving.
What are hallucinogens?
Psychoactive stimulant that induces sensory distortions.
What are examples of hallucinogens?
LSD, psilocybin, mescaline.
What are the effects of LSD?
Visual hallucinations (colorful distorions)
Expansion of consciousness
Unpredictable and subject to taker’s mood and cognition
What is phencyclidine?
Angel dust; PCP, deliriant hallucinogen that produces hallucinations and accelerates heart rate. Causes dissociation.
What is marijuana?
Cannabis (THC), produces relaxing feelings, and elevates HR and BP.
What are the adverse effects of marijuana use?
Paranoia and psychotic symptoms.
What are inhalants?
A class of hallucinogens that are inhaled for psychotic effects; induces intoxication and euphoria.
What are adverse effects of inhalants?
Impairments in learning and memory, medical illness and even death.
What is the biological perspective of substance use disorder?
Increased levels of serotonin and dopamine activate the reward system.
What is the learning perspective on substance use disorder?
Operant conditioning (rewarding feelings).
Negative feelings with withdrawal (negative reinforcement)
Conditioning model of cravings.
Observational learning.
What is the cognitive perspective on substance use disorder?
Attitudes and beliefs as well as outcome expectancies influence a person’s reliance on drugs. Poor decision making and judgement.
What are psychodynamic perspectives on substance use disorders?
Oral fixation stage failure.
What is the sociocultural perspective on substance use disorder?
Cultural group and social factors; peer pressure.
What are biological approaches to substance use treatment?
Detoxification.
Replacement therapy.
Naloxone (reverses effects of narcotics like opiates)
What are cognitive-behavioral approaches to substance abuse treatment?
Self-control, cue-exposure training, aversive training.
Relapse prevention training.
What are the 6 stages of substance abuse change?
- No intention.
- Contemplation.
- Preparation.
- Action.
- Adaptation/Maintenance
- Evaluation.
