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PSYCO 239 > Chapter 11: Abnormal Psychology Across a Lifespan > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Abnormal Psychology Across a Lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four most common categories of mental disorders?

A

Anxiety disorders
Conduct disorders
ADHD
Depressive disorders

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2
Q

What percentage of high school students report moderate to serious anxiety and depressive symptoms?

A

34%

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3
Q

What percentage of canadian children will develop a mental disorder?

A

10-20%

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4
Q

What three criteria does the DSM-5 use in diagnosing intellectual disability?

A
  1. Deficits in intellectual functions.
  2. Evidence of impaired functioning in adaptive behavior.
  3. Onset of disorder in developmental period.
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5
Q

What are the classifications of developmental delay?

A
  1. Mild IQ 55-70
  2. Moderate IQ 40-55
  3. Severe IQ 25-40
  4. Profound IQ below 25
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6
Q

The majority of individuals with developmental delay fit into which category?

A

Mild.

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7
Q

What are the biological causes of intellectual disability?

A
  1. Chromosomal and genetic disorders
  2. Infectious diseases
  3. Brain damage
  4. Mutations (spontaneous)
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8
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

Intellectual disability known as trisomy 21, involves an extra chromosome 21.

Characterized by intellectual disability and phsyical abnormalities

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9
Q

What is the prevalence of down syndrome?

A

1/800

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10
Q

What are the physical features of down syndrome?

A

Round flattened face, downward-sloping skin at inner corner of eyes.

Protruding tongue, small and squarish hands and short fingers. Short arms and legs.

Heart defects

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11
Q

What is fragile X syndrome?

A

Syndrome caused by mutation of the fragile X gene, most common ID in males causing mild to prodound learning disabilities.

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12
Q

What is the prevalence of fragile X syndrome?

A

1/4000

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13
Q

What is phenylketonuria?

A

Gneetic disorder that prevents the metabolization of phenylpyruvic acid, causes damage to CNS and intellectual disability/emotional disturbances.

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14
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

A

Disorder caused by mutated gene on chromosome 15, causes disease of lipid metabolism.

Characterized by gradual loss of muscle control, deafness, blindness, ID, and paralysis. Typically die befoer 5.

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15
Q

What are prenatal factors that may cause ID?

A 
Maternal infections (rubella/CMV)
Substance abuse during pregnancy (FAD)
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16
Q

What is cultural/familial intellectual disability?

A

A milder form of intellectual disability resulting from impoverishment in the child’s home. Lacks interactions with developmental stimuli.

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17
Q

What is the behavioral approach for ID intervention in children?

A

Verbal instructions, physical guidance and reward.

Social-skills training.

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18
Q

Why is psychological counseling crucial in the interventions for children with ID?

A

Children with ID are very likely to develop other psychological disorders.

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19
Q

What is inclusion and integration intervention?

A

Placing children with ID in environments that are the least restrictive and allowing accommodations and modifications to daily life and education.

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20
Q

What are the advantages of ID Inclusion intervention?

A

Greater independence built
Expanded awareness of individual differences
Acceptance from others
Appreciation for learning
Better self-concept and circle of friends

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of ID Inclusion intervention?

A

Attitudes may be negative.
Possible low self-esteem in a competitive model
Increased workload for teachers

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22
Q

What is a specific learning disorder?

A

Disorder classified as a learning disorder with three subtypes:

  • impairment in mathematics
  • impairment in written expression
  • impairment in reading
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23
Q

What is the prevalence of specific learning disorders?

A

4% for boys 2% for girls

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24
Q

Is it true that individuals with SLDs have higher intelligence and are typically gifted?

A

Yes.

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25
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

Disorder characterized by impaired reading ability due to trouble decoding words.

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26
Q

What disorder accounts for 80% of learning disabilities?

A

Dyslexia

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27
Q

What is SLD: Impairment in mathematics?

A

Disorder subtype characterized by difficulty understanding basic mathematical terms or operations.

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28
Q

What is SLD: written expression?

A

Disorder subtype characterized by errors in speling, grammar, and punctuation as well as presence of dysgraphia.

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29
Q

What is dysgraphia?

A

Trouble with writing.

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30
Q

What are the neurobiological brain dysfunctions present with SLD?

A

Faulty processing in visual and auditory information centers.

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31
Q

Is dyslexia passed on through genetics?

A

Yes, high inheritability rate. High rate between identical (MZ) twins.

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32
Q

What forms of intervention are used for SLD?

A

Individual education plans.

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33
Q

What is Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by excessive motor activity, impulsivity, and/or an inability to focus one’s attention.

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34
Q

What are the three subtypes of ADHD?

A
  1. Predominantly inattentive type
  2. Predominantly hyperactive or impulsive type
  3. Combination type.
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35
Q

What is the prevalence of ADHD?

A

5-10%

36
Q

What are key features of ADHD?

A

Inattention, difficulty following instruction and staying organized
Forgetfulness, hyperactivity and impulsivity.

37
Q

What are genetic/environmental perspectives on ADHD?

A

Abnormalities in cortical regions regulation attention and inhibition of motor behavior.

Prenatal exposure to smoking, lead exposure to children.

38
Q

How is ADHD treated?

A
  • Medication: stimulants (Ritalin and Concerta) increase dopamine and norepinephrine in prefrontal cortex.
  • CBT for behavioral modification and cognitive modification.
39
Q

What is conduct disorder?

A

Intentional patterns of antisocial behavior that violate social norms and the rights of others without experiencing remorse and guilt.

40
Q

When is the typical onset for conduct disorder?

A

Childhood (before 10)

or Adolescent onset

41
Q

What is the prevalence of conduct disorder?

A

4.2%

42
Q

What four categories of behavior are present in conduct disorder?

A
  1. Aggression to people and animals.
  2. Destruction on property.
  3. Deceitfulness or theft.
  4. Serious violation of rules.
43
Q

What disorder is linked to the development of antisocial personality disorder in adulthood?

A

Conduct disorder

44
Q

What is oppositional defiant disorder?

A

Disorder characterized by excessive oppositionality or tendencies to refuse requests from parents and others.

45
Q

What three categories of behaviors are present on ODD?

A
  1. Angry/irritable mood
  2. Argumentative
  3. Defiant behavior and vindictiveness
46
Q

What is the prevalence of ODD?

A

6-12%

47
Q

What behavior is NOT seen in ODD that IS seen in conduct disorder?

A

Delinquent behavior

48
Q

When is the typical onset of ODD?

A

Before 8 years old.

49
Q

What are theoretical perspectives on conduct and impulse-control disorders?

A

Learning: oppositional behaviors due to parents inappropriate reinforcement at a young age (giving in to tantrums)

Family and parenting: lack of positive reinforcement for appropriate behavior, harsh and inconsistent discipline, aggression.

Genetics

50
Q

How are conduct and impulse-control disorders treated?

A

Psychosocial interventions such as parent training, social-skills and interpersonal training, and CBT.

Antipsychotic and stimulant drugs to reduce antisocial behavior.

51
Q

What disorders are classified under disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders?

A

Conduct disorder

Oppositional defiant disorder

52
Q

What is multisystemic therapy?

A

Approach designed to treat seriously disturbed adolescents by intervening in multiple integrated ways;

3-5 months, intensive with therapists available 24/7

53
Q

What disorder is as common in adolescents as it is in adults and increases substantially from 13-18?

A

Major Depressive disorder

54
Q

What is the gender specificity of MDD in childhood?

A

Same rates between boys and girls until age 15.

55
Q

What is the prevalence of MDD in children?

A

2%

56
Q

Why are adolescent girls at a high risk of developing MDD?

A

Social challenges such as pressure to narrow interests and pursue feminine activities and develop passive styles.

57
Q

What antidepressant is most commonly prescribed to adolescents?

A

Prozac

58
Q

What ethnicity has the highest rate of adolescent suicide?

A

First nations.

59
Q

What is the age range in adolescents that has the greatest rate of suicide?

A

15-24

60
Q

What are neurocognitive disorders?

A

Disorders that are not psychologically based; brain is either damaged or impaired in its ability to function due to injury, illness, exposure to toxins, or use of psychoactive drugs.

61
Q

What are the three types of neurocognitive disorders as classified by the DSM-5?

A
  1. Delirium.
  2. Major neurocognitive disorders.
  3. Mild neurocognitive disorders.
62
Q

What is delirium?

A

State of extreme mental confusion, characterized by difficulty focusing attention, speaking clearly and/or coherently.

Possibly associated with disorientation and hallucinations.

63
Q

What is the most common cause of delirium?

A

Abrupt withdrawal from psychoactive drugs (especially alcohol) or sign of a life-threatening medical condition (elderly)

64
Q

What is the prevalence of delirium in youth?

A

1-2%

65
Q

What is the prevalence of delirium in the elderly?

A

14%

66
Q

How s delirium treated?

A

Medication (neuroleptics/antipsychotics), environmental changes, family support

67
Q

What is major neurocognitive disorder (Dementia)?

A

Profound decline or deterioration in mental functioning characterized by significant imapairment of memory, thinking, attention, and judgement.

68
Q

What are the two categories of dementia?

A

Late-onset
Early onset

-Middle age: 65

69
Q

What is the most frequent cause of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

70
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

The neurocognitive disorder is caused by degenerative brain disease that leads to progressive, irreversible dementia.

71
Q

Which age group is at the greatest risk of Alzheimer’s?

A

Elderly

72
Q

What is the most severe form of AD? What symptoms are more common in this form?

A

Early-onset; agitation, wandering, depression, aggression. Bewilderment, fear, and paranoid delusions are also more common.

73
Q

What is the neuropathy of AD?

A

Amyloid plaques (accumulation of protein fragments) form insoluble plaques between neurons.

Neurofibrillary tangles (protein aggregates or brain lesions) found within the cerebral cortex and hippocampus lead to neural degradation.

Depletion of Ach, inflammation of brain.

74
Q

How is AD diagnosed?

A

Memory tests
MRI brain scans to measure hippocampus and amyloid plaques.
PET detect metabolic abnormalities

75
Q

What are forms of cognitive screening used for neurocognitive disorders?

A

Mini Mental Status Exam
Clock Drawing Test (memory)
CamCog
Halstead-Reitan Battery

76
Q

What are the early-stage symptoms of AD?

A

Memory problems and subtle personality changes, characterized by financial troubles, remembering basic information such as phone numbers, recent events, and names.

77
Q

What symptoms are present in moderately severe AD?

A 
Assistance required with toileting and bathing.
Errors recognizing reflection
Difficulty forming full sentences
Movement and coordination impaired
Agitation
78
Q

What symptoms are present in advanced AD?

A 
Severe decline in cognitive function;
lose ability to speak or control movement
Require assistance in feeding
Unable to communicate or walk/sit up
Seizures, coma, death.
79
Q

What causes AD?

A

Amyloid plaque build up eads to inflammation, damages neural circuits in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

Genes linked to production of beta amyloid or abnormal protein build up may be responsible, autoimmune diseases causing neural inflammation may also be risk factor.

80
Q

What substance use disorder is a common risk factor for AD?

A

Alcohol use disorder.

81
Q

How is AD treated?

A

Modest improvement via drugs: donepezil increases Ach levels.
Antipsychotics for aggression and agitation
Cognitive training

82
Q

How is AD prevented?

A

Ant-inflammatories
Cognitive activities
Regular exercise
Healthy diet low in animal fat and rich in vegetables and fish.

83
Q

What are two forms of brain training games?

A

Computer brain training.

Neurofeedback.

84
Q

What disorders does computer brain training particularly help treat the symptoms of?

A

Brain injury, left temporal lobe epilepsy

85
Q

What disorders does neurofeedback particularly help treat the symptoms of?

A

ADHD, epilepsy, substance abuse.

PSYCO 239 (12 decks)

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