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PSYCO 239 > Chapter 3: Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders?

A

17%

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2
Q

When is anxiety in children considered abnormal?

A

When excessive and interfering with normal academic or social functioning.

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3
Q

What is Panic Disorder?

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by repeated, unexpected panic attacks. Consistent with feelings of terror/doom and an urge to escape.

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4
Q

What is the prevalence of Panic Disorder?

A

1-5%.

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5
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

A fear of places and situations from which it might be difficult or embarrassing to escape.

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6
Q

What gender is agoraphobia most common in?

A

Women.

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7
Q

When is the onset of agoraphobia? prevalence?

A

Late adolescence, 2%

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8
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Anxiety disorder characterized by persistent feelings of dread and heightened sympathetic arousal.

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9
Q

What gender is GAD more common in? what is the prevalence? onset?

A
  • Women.
  • 8.7%
  • Mid-teens to mid-20s.
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10
Q

What is GAD comorbid with?

A

Depression, OCD, anxiety disorders.

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11
Q

What are phobic disorders? What are the two types?

A

Disorders characterized by a persistent fear of objects or situations that are disproportionate to the threats they pose.

  • Specific phobias.
  • Social anxiety disorder.
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12
Q

What are the five diagnostic subtypes of specific phobia?

A
  1. Animal type.
  2. Natural environment type.
  3. Blood-injection-injury type.
  4. Situational type.
  5. Other.
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13
Q

What is social anxiety disorder? What subtype is more prevalent in men? women?

A

Excessive fear of negative evaluations from others.

Men: dating situations.
Women: speaking to authoritative figures and eating/drinking in front of others.

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14
Q

What is the prevalence of social anxiety disorder?

A

3%-13%

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15
Q

What is separation anxiety disorder?

A

Extreme fears of separation from parents or others on whom one is dependent.

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16
Q

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

A

Recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both that occupy more than an hour a day and cause marked distress or significantly interfere with normal routines or occupational or social functioning.

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17
Q

What is the prevalence of OCD?

A

1%

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18
Q

What is an obsession?

A

An intrusive, unwanted or recurrent thought that seems beyond a person’s ability to control.

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19
Q

What is a compulsion?

A

Repetitive behavior or mental act that a person feels compelled or driven to perform and often occur in response to obsessional thought.

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20
Q

What are the two categories of compulsions?

A

Checking rituals and cleaning rituals.

21
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective on anxiety disorders?

A

Anxiety is an attempt by the ego to control the conscious emergence of threatening impulses. The ego uses defence mechanisms to divert these impulses via projection and displacement.

22
Q

What is the learning perspective on anxiety disorders?

A

Anxiety disorders are learned through conditioning and observational learning.

23
Q

What is the cognitive perspective on anxiety disorders?

A

Self-defeating/irrational beliefs and oversensitivity in response to a subjective threat. Results in misinterpretation of bodily sensations and therefore intensification.

24
Q

What is the biological perspective of anxiety disorders?

A

Genetic factors, NT levels, networking (neural connections)

25
Q

What are the biological theories surrounding anxiety? (NT)

A

Low levels of GABA, high levels of serotonin/Norepinephrine or receptor dysfunction.

26
Q

What are benzodiazepines?

A

Minor tranquilizers.

27
Q

What is a biological perspective on OCD?

A

Increased activity between cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus.

28
Q

What are biological treatments for anxiety?

A

SNRIs/SSRIs antidepressants, tranquilizers (benzodiazepines)

29
Q

What are cognitive-behavioral based treatments?

A

Treatment of phobia;

  • systematic desensitization via fear-stimulus hierarchy, gradual exposure, and flooding.
  • cognitive restructuring.
30
Q

What is the projected lifetime risk for PTSD?

A

9.2%

31
Q

Which professionals are at greatest risk for PTSD?

A

Military, EMS, Police.

32
Q

What are the defining symptoms of PTSD?

A

Re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, negative alternations in mood or thinking.

33
Q

What is acute stress disorder?

A

Traumatic stress reaction occurring in the days and weeks following exposure to a traumatic event (4 weeks for less).

34
Q

What is post traumatic stress disorder?

A

Impaired functioning following exposure to a traumatic experience, symptoms persist for at least one month and may last decades.

35
Q

How are the hippocampi of severe PTSD inflicted individuals different from neurotypical people?

A

The hippocampi are smaller, and damaged.

36
Q

What is trauma?

A

An imprint of a life-threatening event that continues to replay in the present; affects the brain and body.

37
Q

Why is perceived control critical in dealing with trauma?

A

When there is no perceived control, an individual is more likely to develop trauma reactions.

38
Q

What are differences in the prefrontal cortex seen with PTSD?

A

Dysfunctional though processing and decision making, inappropriate responses to situations.

39
Q

What are differences in the amygdala seen with PTSD?

A

Fight/flight responses to memories or thoughts about trauma or danger.

40
Q

What are the “red-flags” of PTSD?

A
  • Frequent sick days.
  • Angry/irritability.
  • Interpersonal difficulties.
  • Recklessness.
  • Nightmares.
  • Apathy.
  • Unhealthy coping (drugs).
  • Avoidance.
  • Suicidal ideation.
41
Q

What are risk factors for PTSD?

A
  • Trauma intensity (death).
  • Length of the traumatic event.
  • Sustaining personal injury.
  • Perception of control.
  • Level of support following event.
42
Q

What are key ways to prevent PTSD?

A
  1. Acknowledge that you are not immune.
  2. Find an outlet.
  3. Self-care.
  4. Choose to be around healthy people.
  5. Define yourself by more than your duty/job.
  6. Avoid “stuffing” in feelings.
43
Q

What is done before commencing trauma processing during treatment? (Clinician)

A
  1. Provide info on the process.
  2. Obtain consent.
  3. Develop grounding strategies.
  4. Create trauma inventory.
  5. Consider frequency of sessions.
  6. Enlist outside support.
44
Q

What three forms of exposure therapy are used in PTSD treatment?

A

Prolonged exposure, imaginal exposure, in vivo exposure.

45
Q

What is imaginal exposure?

A

The patient describes the traumatic events in detail in the present tense with guidance.

46
Q

What is in vivo exposure?

A

Involves confronting feared stimuli outside of therapy in a gradual fashion.

47
Q

In what 4 ways does exposure therapy help treat PTSD?

A
  1. Habituation.
  2. Extinction.
  3. Self-efficacy.
  4. Emotional processing.
48
Q

What is cognitive processing therapy?

A

A specific type of CBT that helps patients learn how to modify and challenge unhelpful beliefs related to trauma.

49
Q

What is eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy?

A

-Encourages client to focus on trauma memory while simultaneously experiencing bilateral stimulation. Intended to change the way the memory is stored in the brain.

PSYCO 239 (12 decks)

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