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PSYCO 239 > Chapter 4: Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is unipolar?

A

Pertaining to a single pole/direction.

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2
Q

What is bipolar?

A

Characterized by opposites.

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3
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder?

A

Severe depression is characterized by the occurrence of major depressive episodes in the absence of a history of manic episodes (unipolar).

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4
Q

What is the prevalence of MDD?

A

11%

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5
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for MDD?

A

A person experiences either a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in all activities for a period of at least two weeks.

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6
Q

What is the “common cold” of psychological problems?

A

Depression.

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7
Q

What is the probability of recurrence of MDD after childhood diagnosis?

A

50-70%

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8
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder?

A

Major Depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern,; moods tend to lift in spring and diminish in fall.

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9
Q

What gender is MDD and SAD most common in?

A

Women.

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10
Q

What age group is SAD most common in?

A

Young adults.

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11
Q

What is MDD with peripartum onset?

A

MDD occurs during pregnancy or following childbirth.

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12
Q

How long does peripartum MDD persist?

A

Possibly for months-year or more.

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13
Q

What are the risk factors for MDD?

A
  • Age (young).
  • Socioeconomic status (low).
  • Marital status.
  • Women (2x)
  • Ethnicity (minority).
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14
Q

What is persistent depressive disorder?

A

Chronic type of depressive disorder that lasts at least 2 years.

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15
Q

What disorder features a chronic but milder form of dysthymia (depression)?

A

Persistent Depressive Disorder.

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16
Q

What is Bipolar 1 Disorder?

A

Bipolar disorder characterized by manic episodes; cycles of elated and depressed mood states alternate with intervening periods of normal mood.

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17
Q

What is a manic episode?

A

Periods of unrealistically heightened euphoria, extreme restlessness, and excessive activity are characterized by disorganized behavior and impaired judgment.

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18
Q

How long can a manic episode last?

A

Few weeks-several months.

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19
Q

What are the key characteristics of manic episodes?

A
  • Increased energy, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and argumentative.
  • Pressured speech/rapid flight of ideas.
20
Q

What is the probability of manic episode recurrence?

A

90%.

21
Q

What is Bipolar 2 Disorder?

A

Characterized by periods of major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes.

22
Q

What is hypomania?

A

Milder morn of mania.

23
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of Bipolar 1 disorder?

A

0.87%

24
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of Bipolar 2 disorder?

A

0.57%

25
Q

What gender is more likely to experience a bipolar disorder?

A

Rates are equal.

26
Q

What is the typical age of onset for bipolar disorders?

A

20s.

27
Q

What is cyclothymic disorder?

A

Bipolar related disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of mild mood swings between depression and hypomania. Not of sufficient severity to be classified as a bipolar disorder.

28
Q

What are the risk factors for the recurrence of depression?

A
  • Multiple previous episodes.
  • High severity at point of treatment.
  • Family history.
  • Poor physical health.
  • Dissatisfaction.
  • Childhood onset.
29
Q

What is the theoretical perspective of stress in explaining depression?

A

Stressful life events contribute to depression; symptoms themselves may lead to additional sources of stress.

30
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective on depression?

A

Focus on inner, unconscious determinants of mood disorders; “loss” may be the biggest precedent for depression.

31
Q

What are the learning perspectives on depression?

A

Situation factors explain depression:

-Loss of positive reinforcement from the environment, interactional theory.

32
Q

What is the cognitive perspective of depression?

A

Depression derives from the adoption of negative views of oneself, the world, and the future (Triad of depression by Beck).

-Cognitive distortions.

33
Q

What is the learned helplessness theory?

A

The theory suggests people learn to view themselves as helpless to control the reinforcements in their environments or to change their lives for the better (precedent: history of failure).

34
Q

What is the genetic heritability risk of bipolar disorder?

A

80%

35
Q

Where are brain abnormalities that may be a causative factor of depression?

A

Prefrontal cortex, temporal/limbic system.

36
Q

What is the main psychodynamic approach to treatment of depression?

A

Interpersonal therapy; focuses on helping people resolve interpersonal problems.

37
Q

What are the behavioral approaches to treatment of depression?

A

-Modification/Activation of behavior; encouraging client to partake in pleasurable activities.

38
Q

What are the cognitive approaches to the treatment of depression?

A

Cognitive therapy: helping clients realize and change their dysfunctional thinking.

CBT: involves coping-skills and social-skills training.

39
Q

What is the biological approach to treatment of depression?

A
  • Antidepressants.
  • Lithium (Bipolar)
  • ECT
  • rTMS.
40
Q

What is the frequency of men and women who have contemplated suicide?

A

10% and 13%

41
Q

What is the frequency of men and women who have attempted suicide?

A

2% and 6%

42
Q

What age is most susceptible to suicidal thoughts/attempts in men?

A

Middle-ages to elderly.

43
Q

What is the second leading cause of death among youth aged 10-19?

A

Suicide.

44
Q

What are risk factors for suicide?

A 
Gender (girls more likely but boys more likely to succeed).
Age (15-24)
Ethnicity
Depression
Previous suicidal behavior
Family problems (75%)
Stressful life events
Substance abuse
Group suicides
45
Q

What are suicidal predictors?

A

Disposing of possessions, suddenly assorting affairs and drafting a will, buying a cemetery plot.

46
Q

What are the seven keys steps of suicide prevention?

A
  1. Draw the person out.
  2. Be sympathetic.
  3. Suggest means other than suicide.
  4. Ask how they expect to commit suicide.
  5. Propose to accompany them to a profession right now.
  6. Do not degrade them.
  7. Don’t press the person to contact family members/friends/spouse.

PSYCO 239 (12 decks)

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