Chapter 4: Mood Disorders Flashcards
What is unipolar?
Pertaining to a single pole/direction.
What is bipolar?
Characterized by opposites.
What is Major Depressive Disorder?
Severe depression is characterized by the occurrence of major depressive episodes in the absence of a history of manic episodes (unipolar).
What is the prevalence of MDD?
11%
What is the diagnostic criteria for MDD?
A person experiences either a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in all activities for a period of at least two weeks.
What is the “common cold” of psychological problems?
Depression.
What is the probability of recurrence of MDD after childhood diagnosis?
50-70%
What is seasonal affective disorder?
Major Depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern,; moods tend to lift in spring and diminish in fall.
What gender is MDD and SAD most common in?
Women.
What age group is SAD most common in?
Young adults.
What is MDD with peripartum onset?
MDD occurs during pregnancy or following childbirth.
How long does peripartum MDD persist?
Possibly for months-year or more.
What are the risk factors for MDD?
- Age (young).
- Socioeconomic status (low).
- Marital status.
- Women (2x)
- Ethnicity (minority).
What is persistent depressive disorder?
Chronic type of depressive disorder that lasts at least 2 years.
What disorder features a chronic but milder form of dysthymia (depression)?
Persistent Depressive Disorder.
What is Bipolar 1 Disorder?
Bipolar disorder characterized by manic episodes; cycles of elated and depressed mood states alternate with intervening periods of normal mood.
What is a manic episode?
Periods of unrealistically heightened euphoria, extreme restlessness, and excessive activity are characterized by disorganized behavior and impaired judgment.
How long can a manic episode last?
Few weeks-several months.
What are the key characteristics of manic episodes?
- Increased energy, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and argumentative.
- Pressured speech/rapid flight of ideas.
What is the probability of manic episode recurrence?
90%.
What is Bipolar 2 Disorder?
Characterized by periods of major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes.
What is hypomania?
Milder morn of mania.
What is the lifetime prevalence of Bipolar 1 disorder?
0.87%
What is the lifetime prevalence of Bipolar 2 disorder?
0.57%
What gender is more likely to experience a bipolar disorder?
Rates are equal.
What is the typical age of onset for bipolar disorders?
20s.
What is cyclothymic disorder?
Bipolar related disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of mild mood swings between depression and hypomania. Not of sufficient severity to be classified as a bipolar disorder.
What are the risk factors for the recurrence of depression?
- Multiple previous episodes.
- High severity at point of treatment.
- Family history.
- Poor physical health.
- Dissatisfaction.
- Childhood onset.
What is the theoretical perspective of stress in explaining depression?
Stressful life events contribute to depression; symptoms themselves may lead to additional sources of stress.
What is the psychodynamic perspective on depression?
Focus on inner, unconscious determinants of mood disorders; “loss” may be the biggest precedent for depression.
What are the learning perspectives on depression?
Situation factors explain depression:
-Loss of positive reinforcement from the environment, interactional theory.
What is the cognitive perspective of depression?
Depression derives from the adoption of negative views of oneself, the world, and the future (Triad of depression by Beck).
-Cognitive distortions.
What is the learned helplessness theory?
The theory suggests people learn to view themselves as helpless to control the reinforcements in their environments or to change their lives for the better (precedent: history of failure).
What is the genetic heritability risk of bipolar disorder?
80%
Where are brain abnormalities that may be a causative factor of depression?
Prefrontal cortex, temporal/limbic system.
What is the main psychodynamic approach to treatment of depression?
Interpersonal therapy; focuses on helping people resolve interpersonal problems.
What are the behavioral approaches to treatment of depression?
-Modification/Activation of behavior; encouraging client to partake in pleasurable activities.
What are the cognitive approaches to the treatment of depression?
Cognitive therapy: helping clients realize and change their dysfunctional thinking.
CBT: involves coping-skills and social-skills training.
What is the biological approach to treatment of depression?
- Antidepressants.
- Lithium (Bipolar)
- ECT
- rTMS.
What is the frequency of men and women who have contemplated suicide?
10% and 13%
What is the frequency of men and women who have attempted suicide?
2% and 6%
What age is most susceptible to suicidal thoughts/attempts in men?
Middle-ages to elderly.
What is the second leading cause of death among youth aged 10-19?
Suicide.
What are risk factors for suicide?
Gender (girls more likely but boys more likely to succeed). Age (15-24) Ethnicity Depression Previous suicidal behavior Family problems (75%) Stressful life events Substance abuse Group suicides
What are suicidal predictors?
Disposing of possessions, suddenly assorting affairs and drafting a will, buying a cemetery plot.
What are the seven keys steps of suicide prevention?
- Draw the person out.
- Be sympathetic.
- Suggest means other than suicide.
- Ask how they expect to commit suicide.
- Propose to accompany them to a profession right now.
- Do not degrade them.
- Don’t press the person to contact family members/friends/spouse.
