Chapter 10: Schizophrenia Flashcards
Are the rates of schizophrenia different across cultures?
No. They are similar in all nations.
What is the likelihood of developing schizophrenia if both parents have schizophrenia?
Less than 50%
What sort of family environment increases the risk of relapse?
Hostile, critical, and unsupportive environments.
Does medication cure schizophrenia?
No, it can only help treat the symptoms.
What is schizophrenia?
A chronic psychotic disorder characterized by acute episodes involving a break with reality, as manifested by such features as delusions, hallucinations, illogical thinking, incoherent speech, and bizarre behavior.
What was the original term used for schizophrenia?
Dementia Praecox
Who first discovered dementia?
Emil Kraeplin
What did Eugen Bleuler discover about the clinical features of schizophrenia? (4 A’s)
Associations: relationships disturbed
Affect: inappropriate emotional responses
Ambivalence: conflicted feelings toward environemnt
Autism: withdrawal into private world unbound by logic
What are the first rank symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations and delusions.
What are the second rank symptoms of schizophrenia?
Other negative symptoms like social withdrawal that occur with other disorders.
What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?
1%
What percentage of people with schizophrenia are unemployed?
79%
What is the most common diagnosis of individuals who are involuntarily hospitalized?
Schizophrenia.
What percentage of people with schizophrenia abuse substances at some point in their lives?
80%
What percentage of individuals with schizophrenia attempt suicide? What percentage of people die?
40-60%, 10%
What interferes with the ability of schizophrenic people to acquire housing, employment, and treatment?
The stigma of violence.
When is the onset of schizophrenia?
Late teens to early 20s.
What gender is more at risk for developing schizophrenia?
Men
What is the prodromal stage of schizophrenia?
- Stage in which the early features or signs of a disorder become apparent.
- Period of decline in functioning that precedes the development of the first acute psychotic episode.
What is the acute phase of schizophrenia?
Psychotic symptoms develop, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech and behavior.
What is the residual phase of schizophrenia?
Follows the acute phase, characterized by a return to a level of functioning typical of the prodromal phase.
What are the four major delusions present in schizophrenia?
Delusion of persecution
Delusion of grandeur
Delusion of reference
Delusion of being controlled
What are other common forms of delusions present in schizophrenia?
Thought broadcasting
Thought insertion or withdrawal
What is thought broadcasting?
Believing that one’s thoughts are somehow transmitted to the external world so that others can overhear them.
What is thought insertion?
The belief that one’s thoughts have been planted in one’s mind by an external source.
What is thought withdrawal?
The belief that thoughts have been removed from one’s mind.
What is thought disorder?
The breakdown in the organization, processing, and control of thoughts. Major feature of schizophrenia.
What are neologisms?
The coining of new words.
What is perseveration?
Persistent repetition of the same thought or train of thought.
What is clanging?
To string words together that rhyme.
What is blocking?
Involuntary abrupt interruption of speech or thought.
What are the four major forms of hallucinations?
Visual/Auditory
Tactile/somatic
Gustatory/Olfactory
Command Hallucinations
What causes hallucinations?
Excess levels of dopamine and receptors
What is catatonia?
Gross disturbances in motor activity and cognitive function
What are examples of catatonia?
Fixed and rigid postures Odd gestures bizarre facial expressions stupor waxy flexibility
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
Delusions
Thought disorder
Disorganized speech/behavior
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Social-skill abnormalities/withdrawal
Psychomotor retardation
Failure to experience pleasure
What is the psychodynamic perspective on schizophrenia?
Overwhelming of the ego by primitive sexual or aggressive drives or impulses arising from the id.
Hostile parent-child relationships cause individual to take refuge in fantasy world.
What is primary narcissism?
A person’s regression to an early period in the oral stage. Causes primitive impulses and behavior.
What is the learning perspective on schizophrenia?
Behavior results from lack of social reinforcement which leads to detachment from social environment.
Inappropriate responses to stimuli
What is the biological perspective on schizophrenia?
Genetic factors. Dopamine theory. Viral infections. Vitamin D deficiency in prenatal develoment. Brain abnormalities
What brain abnormalities are correlated with schizophrenia?
Loss/thinning of grey matter in prefrontal cortex.
Enlarged ventricles
Abnormal functioning
What is the family theory about schizophrenia?
- Schizophrenogenic mother: cold, aloof, overprotective and domineering.
- Double-bind communications: mixed messages.
- Communication deviance: fragmented parental communication.
- Expressed emotion: hostile, critical, unsupportive.
- Source of stress/cause of stress.
How is schizophrenia treated biologically?
Antipsychotic drugs : phenothiazines and haloperidol
What is tardive dyskinesia?
Movement disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face, neck, mouth, and trunk caused by longterm usage of antipsychotics.
What are the psychosocial approaches to schizophrenia treatment?
Psychoanalysis (might not be effective)
CBT, token economy, social skills training and reinforcement of appropriate behavior.
What are forms of psychosocial rehabilitation?
Self-help groups Family-intervention Community programs (housing, career opportunities) Early intervention programs.
What are the Canadian treatment guidelines for schizophrenia?
- Antipsychotic medication
- Psychoeducational programs/family therapy
- Medical care
- Crisis intervention
- CBT
- Housing.
