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Psych/Soc > Chapter 7- Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Biomedical approach vs Biopsychosocial approach

A

Symptom reduction of psychological disorders. Focuses on medical solution

Considers biological psychological and social components to an individuals disorder

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2
Q

Direct therapy vs indirect therapy

A

Treatment acts directly on the individual (meds and periodic meetings with a psychologist)

Aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual

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3
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

20 diagnostic classes of mental disorders. Used to diagnose pts.

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4
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Prototypical disorder c psychosis as a feature. Positive and negative symptoms.

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5
Q

Positive and Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

+ adds something to behavior cognition affect. Ex: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and disorganized behavior

  • loss of something from behavior cognition or affect. Ex: Disturbance of affect, avolition

(Avolition: total lack of motivation that makes it hard to get anything done
Disturbance of affect: paranoid type.
disorganized type, catatonic type, undifferentiated type, residual type.

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6
Q

Types of depressive disorder

A

Major depressive disorder: at least one major depressive episode

Persistent depressive disorder considered (dysthymia) for at least two years that does not meet criteria for major depressive disorder

Seasonal depressive disorder: major depressive disorder with seasonal onset during the winter months

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7
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Contains at least one major depressive episode

A period of at least two weeks with at least five of the SIG E CAPS symptoms

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8
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

Depression for at least two years it does not make criteria for major depressive disorder.

Depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria for a major depressive episode

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9
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

Colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset depression occurs during winter months

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10
Q

Types of bipolar disorders

A

Bipolar I – contains at least one manic episode.
Bipolar II – contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
Cyclothymic disorder – contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia

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11
Q

Manic versus hypomanic episode

A

Characterized by abnormal and persistently elevated mood with at least three of the following: DIG FAST

Duration: In mania, an elevated or irritable mood lasts at least one week. In hypomania, symptoms last for at least 4 days. Intensity: In mania, symptoms are severe, and in hypomania, they are mild to moderate

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12
Q

Symptoms of a major depressive episode

A

SIG E CAPS

Sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, cycle motor symptoms, suicidal thoughts

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13
Q

Positive versus negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia

A

Positive symptoms include behaviors thoughts or feelings added to normal behavior including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts, disorganized behavior, echolalia echo proxy.

Negative symptoms include disturbance of a fact, blunting, flat affect, inappropriate affect, avolition

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14
Q

Delusions

Different types of delusions

A

False beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individuals culture maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary.

Delusions of reference – belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual (Thinking someone on the TV is talking to you)

Delusions of persecution – belief of the persons being deliberately interfered with discriminated against, plotted against or threatened.

Delusions of Grandor – involve a belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way such as being an inventor historical figure a religious icon. 

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15
Q

Hallucinations

A

Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality.

Auditory hallucinations, visual, olfactory

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16
Q

Neologisms

A

When a person with schizophrenia invents new words. Associated with disorganized thoughts/loosening of associations.

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17
Q

Catatonia

A

Characteristic of an individual with schizophrenia spontaneous movement may be greatly reduced or increased and bizarre.

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18
Q

Echolalia versus echopraxia

A

Repeating another’s words

Imitating another’s actions

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19
Q

Disturbance of affect

A

The expression of emotion as observed by others

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20
Q

Blunting

A

Severe reduction in the intensity of affect. Less severe than flat affect or emotional flattening

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21
Q

Inappropriate affect

A

The affect is clearly discordant with the context of the individual speech.

Example of patients with inappropriate affect may begin to laugh hysterically when describing a parents death.

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22
Q

Avolition

A

Decreased engagement in purposeful goal directed actions

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23
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of interest and all or almost all formally enjoyable activities

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24
Q

Symptoms of manic episode

A

DIG FAST

distractible, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas (racing thoughts), agitation, pressured speech, risky behavior or thoughtlessness

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25
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Bipolar 1– manic episodes without major depressive episodes

Bipolar 2- hypomania with at least one major depressive episode

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26
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia that are not to be an app to qualify as major depressive episodes

27
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

A

Generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder

28
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six months

29
Q

Specific phobias

A

Anxiety brought on by irrational fears of specific objects or situations

30
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Anxiety due to social performance situations

31
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

32
Q

Panic disorder

A

Marked by recurrent panic attacks, intense overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus.

May lead to agoraphobia.

33
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

Characterized by obsessions which are persistent intrusive thoughts or impulses and…

Compulsions which are repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a persons life

34
Q

Body dysphormic disorder

A

Characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or a specific body part.

May take extreme measures to correct the perceived in perfection.

35
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder PTSD

A

A trauma or stress related disorder

Characterized by…

intrusion symptoms- reliving the event flashbacks nightmares

avoidance symptoms- avoidance of people, places, objects associated with the trauma

negative cognitive symptoms- amnesia, negative mood and emotions

arousal symptoms-increase startle response, irritability and anxiety

36
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

When a person avoid stress by escaping from their identity

Ex: Dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, depersonalization/derealization disorder

37
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

Inability to recall past experience without an underlying neurological disorder in severe forms that may involve dissociative fugue

38
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

Sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of a new identity

39
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

The occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a persons behavior

40
Q

Depersonalization/Derealization disorder

A

Involve feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment

41
Q

Somatic related disorders

A

Somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder

42
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

Involves at least one somatic symptom which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition that causes disproportionate concern

43
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

Preoccupation with thoughts about having her coming down with a serious medical condition

44
Q

Conversion disorder 

A

Unexplained symptoms affecting moderate sensory function is associated with prior trauma

45
Q

Personality disorders

Clusters

A

Patterns of inflexible maladaptive behavior that causes distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning or impulse control.

Cluster A: odd and eccentric

Cluster B: dramatic emotional erratic

Cluster C anxious fearful

46
Q

Cluster A

A

Odd and eccentric- Includes paranoid schizo typo schizoid personality disorders

47
Q

Cluster B

A

Dramatic emotional erratic

Includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic personality disorder

48
Q

Cluster C

A

Includes avoidant dependent and obsessive compulsive personality disorder

49
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

Pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

50
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

Pattern of odd or eccentric thinking.

Ideas of reference (similar to delusions of reference but not as extreme in intensity)

Magical thinking superstitiousness or a belief in clairvoyance (supposed faculty of perceiving things or events in the future or beyond normal sensory contact)

51
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

Detachment from social relationships and limited emotion

52
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Disregard for the rights of others. Serial killers often fall under this category

53
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Instability in relationships mood and self image. Splitting is characteristic as are suicide attempts

54
Q

Splitting

A

Characteristic of borderline personality disorder uses a defense mechanism in which an individual views others as either all good or all bad angel versus devil mentality.

55
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Involves constant attention seeking behavior

56
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Grandiose sense of self importance in need for admiration

57
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A

Involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection

58
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

Involves a continuous need for reassurance

59
Q

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

A

Involves perfectionism and flexibility and preoccupation with rules

60
Q

What things may be associated with schizophrenia

A

Genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, family history

Highly associated with an excess of dopamine

Treated with medication such as neuroleptics which block dopamine receptors

61
Q

What are some markers associated with depression

A

Abnormally high glucose metabolism in the amygdala, hippocampal atrophy after a long duration of illness, abnormally high levels of cortisol (glucocorticoids) decrease norepinephrine and serotonin and dopamine

62
Q

For bipolar disorders What biological and genetic factors contribute to the disease

A

Increased norepinephrine and serotonin, higher risk if a parent has bipolar disorder, higher risk for persons with multiple sclerosis

63
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with what?

A

Genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of b amyloid (miss folded proteins and beta pleated sheet form) neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

64
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with what?

A

Bradykinesia- Slowness in movement
resting tremor- tremor that appears when muscles are not being used
pill rolling tremor- Flexing and extending the fingers were moving the thumb back-and-forth as a rolling something in the fingers
masklike fasciitis- Facial expression consisting of static an expression less facial features staring eyes and partially open mouth
cogwheel rigidity- Muscle tension that intermittently halt movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb
shuffling gait with stooped posture

Decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantial nigra.

Psych/Soc (9 decks)

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