Chapter 5- Motovation Emotion Stress

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

The purpose of driving force behind our actions

Question 2

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 2

Motivation that comes from external forces. Desiring rewards or avoiding punishment.

Question 3

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

motivation that comes from within one’s self. Interest in a task or pure enjoyment.

Question 4

Instincts

Answer 4

Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.

Factor that influences motivation

Question 5

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Answer 5

People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts.

Question 6

Arousal theory

Answer 6

People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal. (Yerkes Dodson)

Question 7

Yerkes Dodson Law

Answer 7

Performance is worst at extremely high and low levels or arousal. Optimal level of arousal varies for different tasks.

Lower levels of arousal are better for highly cognitive tasks

Higher levels of arousal are better for activities that require physical endurance and stamina.

Simple tasks require slightly higher arousal than complex tasks.

Question 8

Arousal

Answer 8

Factor that affects motivation. The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli.

Question 9

Drives

Answer 9

Internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals.

They help humans survive by creating an uncomfortable state ensuring motivation to eliminate the state or to relieve internal tension created by unmet needs.

Question 10

Primary vs secondary drives

Answer 10

Primary: drives that stem from sustaining bodily processes in homeostasis

Secondary: drives that are not related to biological processes

Question 11

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 11

Explains motivation based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

Question 12

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 12

Physiological- breathing, food, water sex, sleep, excretion
Safety- security of the body, employment, resources, morality family health
Love/Belonging- friendship family sexual intimacy
Esteem- self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect from
others
Self Actualization- morality, creativity, problem solving, lack of prejudice

Question 13

Self Determination Theory (SDT)

Answer 13

Emphasizes the role of three universal needs in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others.

1) autonomy- need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas
2) competence-need to complete and excel at difficult tasks
3) relatedness-need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

Question 14

Incentive theory

Answer 14

Behavior is motivated not by need or arousal but by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

Question 15

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 15

The amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of:

1) the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and…
2) the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal

Question 16

Opponent process theory

Answer 16

A theory of motivation to explain continuous drug use. The theory explains When a drug is taken repeatedly the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology.

Question 17

Tolerance

Answer 17

A decrease in perceived drug effect over time.

Question 18

What are the three elements of an emotion?

Answer 18

Physiological response-increased heart and breathing rate, skin temperature, blood pressure

Behavioral response-facial expression/body language

Cognitive response-interpretation of your feeling being experienced

Question 19

What are the seven universal emotions?

Answer 19

Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

Question 20

Arousal

Answer 20

The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli.

Question 21

Emotion

Answer 21

Natural instinctive state of mind derived from

1) circumstance
2) mood
3) relationship with others

Question 22

When first experiencing a feeling, arousal is stimulated by what part of the nervous system?

Answer 22

Autonomic

Question 23

Adaptive role of emotion

Answer 23

Emotion evolved over the years from primal emotions:fear to progressive emotions (social emotions) guilt and pride

Question 24

James Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 24

Stimulus results in
1️⃣physiological arousal 2️⃣ emotion labeled

“I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high.”

Question 25

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 25

Physiological arousal and emotion occur at the same time resulting in a behavioral component.

A person responds with action after experiencing the emotion both mentally and physically.

“I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing… let me get out of here!”

Question 26

Schactner Singer theory of emotion

AKA cognitive arousal or two factor theory of emotion.

Answer 26

Both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion or be experienced.

“I am excited because my head is racing and everyone else is happy.”

Question 27

Limbic system

Answer 27

Located below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus.

Made up of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei parts of the cerebral cortex.

Plays a part in experiencing emotion.

Question 28

Amygdala

Answer 28

Signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions.

Associated with fear.

plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expressions.

Question 29

Thalamus

Answer 29

Preliminary sensory processing station. Routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas or the brain.

Question 30

Hypothalamus

Answer 30

Synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters. Maintains homeostasis and is involved in modulating emotion.

Question 31

Hippocampus

Answer 31

Involved in creating long term memories.

Question 32

Conscious (explicit) memory

Answer 32

Memory of experiencing an actual emotion.

Memories of the story or experience of an event what happened where it occurred who was involved

Question 33

Unconscious (implicit) memory

Answer 33

Aka emotional memory. Storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event.

Sensations of unease and anxiety associated with PTSD

Question 34

What part of the brain controls the ability to interpret facial expressions?

Answer 34

The ability to distinguish and interpret others facial expressions is mostly controlled by the temporal lobe with some input from the occipital lobe.

Question 35

Which hemisphere of the brain is more active when discerning facial expressions?

Answer 35

Right hemisphere

Question 36

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 36

The anterior portion of the brain that is responsible for cognitive functions expressing personality making decisions.

Question 37

Positive and negative emotions are associated with which parts of the brain?

Answer 37

Left prefrontal cortex- positive emotions

Right prefrontal cortex-negative emotions

Question 38

Attention and cognition is associated with which part of the brain?

Answer 38

Dorsal prefrontal cortex

Question 39

Which part of the prefrontal cortex connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion?

Answer 39

Ventral prefrontal cortex

Question 40

What part of the prefrontal cortex is not simply a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala?

Answer 40

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 41

What part of the brain is responsible for implicit versus explicit memory systems?

Answer 41

Explicit or conscious memory is within the temporal lobe. Implicit or unconscious memories is in the amygdala

Question 42

Stress

Answer 42

Our bodies response to challenging events whether they be physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral.

Question 43

Cognitive appraisal

Answer 43

The subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress.

Question 44

What are the two stages of cognitive appraisal?

Answer 44

Stage one or primary appraisal: initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat

Stage two: or secondary appraisal: directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress.

Question 45

Stressor

Answer 45

Biological element, external condition or event that leads to stress response.

Question 46

Distress vs eustress

Answer 46

unpleasant stressors:

positive conditions: graduating scoring well on test

Question 47

approach – approach conflict versus avoidance – avoidance conflict

Answer 47

Need to choose between two desirable options

Need to choose between two negative options

Question 48

Three stages of general adaptation syndrome

Answer 48

Alarm- initial reaction to a stressor activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Resistance- continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor

Exhaustion- when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity. At this point individuals become more susceptible to illness and medical conditions such as ulcers and high blood pressure. Organ systems can also deteriorate.

Question 49

What syndrome describe the sequence of physiological responses to stress?

Answer 49

General adaptation syndrome