Chapter 5- Motovation Emotion Stress Flashcards
Motivation
The purpose of driving force behind our actions
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation that comes from external forces. Desiring rewards or avoiding punishment.
Intrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from within one’s self. Interest in a task or pure enjoyment.
Instincts
Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.
Factor that influences motivation
Instinct Theory of Motivation
People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts.
Arousal theory
People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal. (Yerkes Dodson)
Yerkes Dodson Law
Performance is worst at extremely high and low levels or arousal. Optimal level of arousal varies for different tasks.
Lower levels of arousal are better for highly cognitive tasks
Higher levels of arousal are better for activities that require physical endurance and stamina.
Simple tasks require slightly higher arousal than complex tasks.
Arousal
Factor that affects motivation. The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli.
Drives
Internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals.
They help humans survive by creating an uncomfortable state ensuring motivation to eliminate the state or to relieve internal tension created by unmet needs.
Primary vs secondary drives
Primary: drives that stem from sustaining bodily processes in homeostasis
Secondary: drives that are not related to biological processes
Drive Reduction Theory
Explains motivation based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Physiological- breathing, food, water sex, sleep, excretion
Safety- security of the body, employment, resources, morality family health
Love/Belonging- friendship family sexual intimacy
Esteem- self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect from
others
Self Actualization- morality, creativity, problem solving, lack of prejudice
Self Determination Theory (SDT)
Emphasizes the role of three universal needs in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others.
1) autonomy- need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas
2) competence-need to complete and excel at difficult tasks
3) relatedness-need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships
Incentive theory
Behavior is motivated not by need or arousal but by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment
Expectancy-value theory
The amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of:
1) the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and…
2) the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal
Opponent process theory
A theory of motivation to explain continuous drug use. The theory explains When a drug is taken repeatedly the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology.
Tolerance
A decrease in perceived drug effect over time.
What are the three elements of an emotion?
Physiological response-increased heart and breathing rate, skin temperature, blood pressure
Behavioral response-facial expression/body language
Cognitive response-interpretation of your feeling being experienced
What are the seven universal emotions?
Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger
Arousal
The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli.
Emotion
Natural instinctive state of mind derived from
1) circumstance
2) mood
3) relationship with others
When first experiencing a feeling, arousal is stimulated by what part of the nervous system?
Autonomic
Adaptive role of emotion
Emotion evolved over the years from primal emotions:fear to progressive emotions (social emotions) guilt and pride
James Lange Theory of Emotion
Stimulus results in
1️⃣physiological arousal 2️⃣ emotion labeled
“I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high.”
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Physiological arousal and emotion occur at the same time resulting in a behavioral component.
A person responds with action after experiencing the emotion both mentally and physically.
“I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing… let me get out of here!”
Schactner Singer theory of emotion
AKA cognitive arousal or two factor theory of emotion.
Both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion or be experienced.
“I am excited because my head is racing and everyone else is happy.”
Limbic system
Located below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus.
Made up of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei parts of the cerebral cortex.
Plays a part in experiencing emotion.
Amygdala
Signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions.
Associated with fear.
plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expressions.
Thalamus
Preliminary sensory processing station. Routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas or the brain.
Hypothalamus
Synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters. Maintains homeostasis and is involved in modulating emotion.
Hippocampus
Involved in creating long term memories.
Conscious (explicit) memory
Memory of experiencing an actual emotion.
Memories of the story or experience of an event what happened where it occurred who was involved
Unconscious (implicit) memory
Aka emotional memory. Storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event.
Sensations of unease and anxiety associated with PTSD
What part of the brain controls the ability to interpret facial expressions?
The ability to distinguish and interpret others facial expressions is mostly controlled by the temporal lobe with some input from the occipital lobe.
Which hemisphere of the brain is more active when discerning facial expressions?
Right hemisphere
Prefrontal cortex
The anterior portion of the brain that is responsible for cognitive functions expressing personality making decisions.
Positive and negative emotions are associated with which parts of the brain?
Left prefrontal cortex- positive emotions
Right prefrontal cortex-negative emotions
Attention and cognition is associated with which part of the brain?
Dorsal prefrontal cortex
Which part of the prefrontal cortex connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion?
Ventral prefrontal cortex
What part of the prefrontal cortex is not simply a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala?
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
What part of the brain is responsible for implicit versus explicit memory systems?
Explicit or conscious memory is within the temporal lobe. Implicit or unconscious memories is in the amygdala
Stress
Our bodies response to challenging events whether they be physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral.
Cognitive appraisal
The subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress.
What are the two stages of cognitive appraisal?
Stage one or primary appraisal: initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat
Stage two: or secondary appraisal: directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress.
Stressor
Biological element, external condition or event that leads to stress response.
Distress vs eustress
unpleasant stressors:
positive conditions: graduating scoring well on test
approach – approach conflict versus avoidance – avoidance conflict
Need to choose between two desirable options
Need to choose between two negative options
Three stages of general adaptation syndrome
Alarm- initial reaction to a stressor activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Resistance- continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor
Exhaustion- when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity. At this point individuals become more susceptible to illness and medical conditions such as ulcers and high blood pressure. Organ systems can also deteriorate.
What syndrome describe the sequence of physiological responses to stress?
General adaptation syndrome
