Chapter 3- Learning And Memory

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Process of becoming used to a stimulus.

Question 2

Dishabituation

Answer 2

When a second stimulus causes REsensitization to original stimulus

Question 3

Associative Learning

Answer 3

Pairing together stimuli with responses or behaviors and consequences.
Types: classical and operant conditioning

Question 4

Classical Conditioning

Answer 4

Unconditioned stimulus which produces an instinctive response is paired with a neutral stimulus.

With repetition the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response.

Pavlovs dog

Question 5

Operant Conditioning

Answer 5

Change of behavior through consequences

Question 6

Reinforcement

Answer 6

Increases the likelihood of a behavior

Question 7

Punishment

Answer 7

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior

Question 8

Fixed vs variable reinforcement

Answer 8

Fixed: Reward/punishment same schedule each time

Variable: Reward/punishment unpredictable schedule

Question 9

Ratio vs interval reinforcement

Answer 9

Ratio: Certain amount of times
Interval: certain amount of time

Question 10

Between all of the types of reinforcement which is the hardest to extinguish?

Answer 10

Variable ratio

Question 11

Observational Learning/Modeling

Answer 11

The acquisition of behavior by watching others

Question 12

Encoding

Answer 12

The process of putting new information into memory it can be automatic or effortful.

Question 13

What type of encoding is the strongest?

Answer 13

Semantic encoding is stronger than both acoustic and visual encoding. 

Question 14

Preparedness

Answer 14

The predisposition that states animals are most able to learn behaviors that coincide with their natural behaviors

Question 15

Self reference effect

Answer 15

We talked to learn information best and we can put it into the context of our own lives

Question 16

Long term potentiation

Answer 16

Conversion of short term memory into long term memory.

Question 17

Source monitoring error

Answer 17

Confusion between semantic and episodic memory

Question 18

Source monitoring error

Answer 18

Confusion between semantic and episodic memory.

Example: hearing a story of something that happened to someone else and later recall the story having happened to him or herself. 

Question 19

Prospective memory

Answer 19

Remembering to perform a task at some point in the future.

Time based prospective memory tends to decline with age. 

Question 20

Retroactive interference

Answer 20

When new information causes forgetting about old information

Question 21

Proactive interference

Answer 21

Old information interfering with new learning.

Moving from a house and not being able to remember the address because you were so used to the old one. 

Question 22

Agnosia

Answer 22

Loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sound, usually one of your three. Caused by physical damage to the brain through stroke or neurological disorder such as MS. 

Question 23

Confabulation

Answer 23

The process of creating the vivid but fabricated memories, typically thought to be an attempt made by the brain to fill in gaps of missing memories.

Question 24

Korakoffks syndrome

Answer 24

One form of memory loss caused by thiamine defficiency in the brain

Question 25

What are the two types of amnesia that come from Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 25

Retrograde and Anterograde amnesia

Question 26

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 26

The loss of previously formed memories

Question 27

Anterograde memories

Answer 27

The inability to form new memories

Question 28

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 28

Degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in the neurons that link the hippocampus.

Question 29

Semantic encoding

Answer 29

Putting information into meaningful context to remember

Question 30

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 30

Repetition of a piece of information to either keep it and working memory or short-term memory and eventually long-term memory

Question 31

Sensory memory can be broken into what two types of memory?

Answer 31

Iconic: Visual
Echoic: Auditory

Question 32

How long does sensory memory last?

Answer 32

Less than a second

Question 33

How long does short term memory last? What part of the brain is utilized?

Answer 33

30 seconds unrehearsed. Hippocampus

Question 34

What part of the brain is responsible for consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory?

Answer 34

Hippocampus

Question 35

What is working memory? What parts of the brain are utilized?

Answer 35

Enables us to keep our consciousness simultaneously and manipulate that information.

Frontal and parietal lobes

Question 36

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 36

Association of information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory related to self reference effect

Question 37

Where are long-term memory start? And where do they move her time?

Answer 37

Hippocampus, cerebral cortex

Question 38

What are the two types of long-term memory?

Answer 38

Implicit and Explicit memory

Implicit: (non-declarative/procedural): skills/conditioned response

Explicit (declarative): Memories that require conscious recall
-divided into both semantic memory an episodic memory

Question 39

What are the two types of explicit memory?

Answer 39

Semantic: facts we know

Episodic: experiences

Question 40

Recall vs Recognition

Answer 40

Recall: retrieval of previously learned information

Recognition: Identify a piece of information that was previously learned