Chapter 3- Learning And Memory Flashcards
Habituation
Process of becoming used to a stimulus.
Dishabituation
When a second stimulus causes REsensitization to original stimulus
Associative Learning
Pairing together stimuli with responses or behaviors and consequences.
Types: classical and operant conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus which produces an instinctive response is paired with a neutral stimulus.
With repetition the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response.
Pavlovs dog
Operant Conditioning
Change of behavior through consequences
Reinforcement
Increases the likelihood of a behavior
Punishment
Decreases the likelihood of a behavior
Fixed vs variable reinforcement
Fixed: Reward/punishment same schedule each time
Variable: Reward/punishment unpredictable schedule
Ratio vs interval reinforcement
Ratio: Certain amount of times
Interval: certain amount of time
Between all of the types of reinforcement which is the hardest to extinguish?
Variable ratio
Observational Learning/Modeling
The acquisition of behavior by watching others
Encoding
The process of putting new information into memory it can be automatic or effortful.
What type of encoding is the strongest?
Semantic encoding is stronger than both acoustic and visual encoding. 
Preparedness
The predisposition that states animals are most able to learn behaviors that coincide with their natural behaviors
Self reference effect
We talked to learn information best and we can put it into the context of our own lives
Long term potentiation
Conversion of short term memory into long term memory.
Source monitoring error
Confusion between semantic and episodic memory
Source monitoring error
Confusion between semantic and episodic memory.
Example: hearing a story of something that happened to someone else and later recall the story having happened to him or herself. 
Prospective memory
Remembering to perform a task at some point in the future.
Time based prospective memory tends to decline with age. 
Retroactive interference
When new information causes forgetting about old information
Proactive interference
Old information interfering with new learning.
Moving from a house and not being able to remember the address because you were so used to the old one. 
Agnosia
Loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sound, usually one of your three. Caused by physical damage to the brain through stroke or neurological disorder such as MS. 
Confabulation
The process of creating the vivid but fabricated memories, typically thought to be an attempt made by the brain to fill in gaps of missing memories.
Korakoffks syndrome
One form of memory loss caused by thiamine defficiency in the brain
What are the two types of amnesia that come from Korsakoff’s syndrome?
Retrograde and Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
The loss of previously formed memories
Anterograde memories
The inability to form new memories
Alzheimer’s disease
Degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in the neurons that link the hippocampus.
Semantic encoding
Putting information into meaningful context to remember
Maintenance rehearsal
Repetition of a piece of information to either keep it and working memory or short-term memory and eventually long-term memory
Sensory memory can be broken into what two types of memory?
Iconic: Visual
Echoic: Auditory
How long does sensory memory last?
Less than a second
How long does short term memory last? What part of the brain is utilized?
30 seconds unrehearsed. Hippocampus
What part of the brain is responsible for consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory?
Hippocampus
What is working memory? What parts of the brain are utilized?
Enables us to keep our consciousness simultaneously and manipulate that information.
Frontal and parietal lobes
Elaborative rehearsal
Association of information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory related to self reference effect
Where are long-term memory start? And where do they move her time?
Hippocampus, cerebral cortex
What are the two types of long-term memory?
Implicit and Explicit memory
Implicit: (non-declarative/procedural): skills/conditioned response
Explicit (declarative): Memories that require conscious recall
-divided into both semantic memory an episodic memory
What are the two types of explicit memory?
Semantic: facts we know
Episodic: experiences
Recall vs Recognition
Recall: retrieval of previously learned information
Recognition: Identify a piece of information that was previously learned
