Chapter 6- Identity And Personality Flashcards
Self schema
A self given label that carries with it a side of qualities.
Identity
Individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong.
You can have one self-concept and multiple identities that define who you are and how you should behave within a certain context.
Gender identity
Describes a person’s appraisal of themselves on a scale of masculinity and femininity.
Androgyny
The state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine.
Gender schema
The components of gender identity are transmitted to cultural and societal means.
race vs ethnicity vs nationality
Race: physical characteristics that define a person as being a part of a specific group (skin color, eye color, facial features)
Ethnicity: cultural characteristics that define a person as being part of a specific group (language accent religion customs)
Nationality: country you are from.
Hierarchy of salience
Budding situations dictate which identity holds the most important for us at any given moment
What is the three cells associated with self discrepancy theory?
Actual self, ideal self, ought self
Generally the closer these three are to one another the higher our self-esteem or self-worth will be.
Actual self
The way we see ourselves as we currently are
Ideal self
Person we would like to be
Ought self
The representation of the way others think we should be
Self efficacy
Our belief in our ability to succeed.
Locus of control
The way we characterize the influences in our lives. Internal vs external locus of control.
People with an internal locus of control view themselves as controlling their own fate whereas those with an extern all locus of control field of the events in their lives are called by lock her outside influences.
Fixation
Occurs when a child is overwhelmed or overly frustrated during a stage of development. The child then forms of personality pattern based on that particular stage these personality patterns persist into adulthood as a functional mental disorder known as neurosis.
Name the stages of freud’s stages of psychosocial development
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oral phase
Age 0-1 year
Gratification is obtained primarily through putting objects into the mouth biting and sucking.
Orally fixated adult would likely exhibit excessive dependency (on others eating drinking smoking
Anal stage
Age 1-3
The libido is centered on the anus and gratification as getting to the other donation and retention of waste materials.
Fixation during the stage would lead to sloppiness in the adult
Phallic Stage
Age 3-5
Oedipal/Electra conflict.
Centers on the resolution of the above conflicts.
During this stage the child is thoughtto try to deerrotosize or sublimate their libidinal energy.
Latent state
The latent stage is reached around puberty when the libido is sublimated.
Genital stage
Begins in puberty and lasts through adulthood.
If prior development has proceeded correctly the person should enter into healthy heterosexual relationships. And sexual traumas of childhood have not been resolved behavior such as homosexuality a sexuality or fetishism may result.
Erik Erikson’s stages of personality development
Personality development based on a series of crises that derive from conflict between needs and social demands.
Trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt Initiative vs guilt Industry vs inferiority Identity vs role confusion Intimacy vs isolation Generativity vs stagnation Integrity vs despair
Trust vs mistrust
Age 0-1
Can I trust the world?
If resolved correctly the child will grow to trust the environment in themselves. If Miss trust wins the child will often be suspicious of the world.
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Age 1-3
Is it OK to be me?
If resolved successfully the child will be able to exert control over the world and exercise choice as well as self restraint. The unfavorable outcome is a sense of doubt and a persistent external locus of control
Initiative vs guilt
Age 3-6
Is it okay for me to do move and act?
Favorable outcome as a sense of purpose the ability to initiate activities and ability to enjoy accomplishment. If guilt wins, the child will be so overcome by the fear of punishment of the child may never unduly restrictive self or may overcompensate by showing off.
Industry vs inferiority
Age 6-12
Can I make it in this world of people and things?
If resolved favorably the child will feel competent be able to exercise his or her abilities and intelligence in the world and be able to affect the world in a way that the child desires. Unfavorable resolution result in a sense of inadequacy a sense of an ability to act in a complement manner and low self-esteem.
Identity vs role confusion
Age 12-20
Who am I? What can I be?
Favorable outcomes Fidelity to ability to see oneself as you make an integrated person with a stand royalties. Unfavorable outcomes are confusion about one’s identity and amorphous personality that shifts from day today.
Intimacy vs isolation
Age 20-40
Can I love?
Favorable outcome I love and the ability to have intimate relationships with others the ability to commit oneself to another person into one’s goals. Unfavorable results avoidance of commitment alienation and distancing oneself from others in one’s ideals.
Generativity vs Stagnation
Age: 40-65
Can I make my life count?
Successful resolution results in an individual capable of being productive caring and contributing member of society. Unfavorable outcome one acquires a sense of stagnation and may become self indulgence bored and self-centered with a little care for others.
Integrity vs despair
Age 65+
Is it OK to have been me?
If favorably results you will see wisdom assurance of the meaning of life dignity and acceptance of the fact of one’s life has been worthwhile in the readiness to face death. If not resolved feelings of bitterness about one’s life the feeling that life has been worthless and at the same time fear over one’s impending death.
Kohlbergs theory of personality development
Focuses on development of moral thinking.
As our cognitive abilities grow so does our ability to view the world in more complex and nuanced ways. This in turn affects the way in which we resolve moral dilemmas and perceive the notion of right and wrong.
Preconventional morality
The first of kohlberg’s phases of moral reasoning
Age: preadolescence
Stage one: obedience. Concerned with avoiding punishment «If steal this drug I’ll go to jail.»
Stage two: self-interest/instrumental relativist. Concerned with gaining rewards “I need to save my wife because I want to spend more of my life with her”
What are the two stages of the preconventional morality phase of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?
- Obedience
2. Self-Interest
Conventional morality
Age: adolescence to adulthood
Conformity- seeks the approval of others. “ I should not steal the drug because stealing is wrong”
Law and Order- maintains the social order in the highest regard “ if everyone stole things they couldn’t afford, people who produce those items would not be able to continue their business”
What are the two stages of the conventional morality stage of Kohlberg moral reasoning?
- Conformity
4. Law and Order
Postconventional morality
Age: adulthood (if at all)
Social contract: moral rules are designed to ensure the greater good with focus on individual rights
“Everyone has a right to live; businesses have a right to profit from their products”
Universal human ethics: decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles. It is wrong for one person to hold another’s life for ransom”
What are the two stages of the postconventional stages of kohlbergs moral developments
- Social Contract
6. Universal human ethics
Zone of proximal development
The skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Getting these skills normally requires the presence of a more knowledgeable other typically an adult.
Ex. Learning to ride a bike.
Theory of mind
The ability to understand how a friend is interpreting a story while you tell it
Looking glass sense
Describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them
