Chapter 1-Biology And Behavior Flashcards
What are the three types of neurons in the nervous system?
Afferent- SENSORY Body to Brain
Efferent- MOTOR Brain to Body
Interneuron- Found between afferent and efferent neurons (most numerous type)
What are the two parts of the nervous system?
Central nervous system: Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral nervous system: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Broken down further into:
Somatic (Voluntary) and Autonomic (Involuntary)
What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic-Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic-Rest and Digest
What are the three subdivisions of the brain?
Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
What makes up the hindbrain?
The cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation
What are the parts of the midbrain?
inferior and superior colliculi
What are the parts of the forebrain?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex
What is the thalamus responsible for?
The thalamus is the relay center for sensory information
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Maintains homeostasis, and integrates with the endocrine system (through the hypophyseal portal system) which is connected to the anterior pituitary
What is the role of the basal ganglia?
Smooths movements and helps maintain postural stability.
What is the role of the limbic system?
Controls emotion and memory.
What parts make up the limb if system?
Septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus
What role does the septal nuclei play in the nervous system?
Involved with feelings of pleasure, pleasure seeking behavior, and addiction.
What is the role of the amygdala?
Controls fear and aggression
What is the role of the hippocampus?
Consolidates memories and communicates with the other part of the limbic system through an extension called the fornix.
How does the hippocampus communicate with for the rest of the limbic system?
Through an extension called the fornix
What are the parts of the cerebral cortex?
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
What is the role of the frontal lobe?
Controls executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor function, speech production.
What is the role of the parietal lobe?
Controls sensations of touch pressure, temperature, pain, spatial processing, orientation and manipulation
What is the role of the occipital lobe?
Controls visual processing
What is the role of the temporal lobe?
Controls audio processing, speech perception, memory and emotion.
What hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere for language in most individuals?
The left hemisphere
What neurotransmitter is used by the somatic nervous system?
Acetylcholine (ACH)
Moves muscles
What neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine (ACH)
For alertness
What neurotransmitter is used by the central nervous system?
Acetylcholine (ACH)
For alertness
What are the main differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous system’s?
The somatic nervous system is made up of sensory and motor neurons. These neurons are distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary processes such as regulation of heartbeat, respiration, digestion and glandular secretions.
While the autonomic nervous system regulates muscle contractions these are the muscles within your internal organs and glands.
What neurotransmitter is responsible for the sympathetic nervous system?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine assist with the sympathetic nervous system. Norepinephrine works locally as a neurotransmitter. Epinephrine works more as a hormone.
Controls alertness and wakefulness
What are the effects of dopamine?
Maintains smooth movement and steady posture.
What are the effects of acetylcholine?
Alertness
What are the effects of endorphins and enkephalins?
Natural pain killers
What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Promote wakefulness and alertness
What are the effects of GABA and glycine?
GABA: gamma aminobutyric acid and glycine act as brain stabilizers
What are the effects of the neurotransmitter glutamate?
Glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
What effect does the neurotransmitter serotonin have?
Modulates mood, sleep patterns, eating patterns, and dreaming
What two parts of the brain ties together the endocrine system with the nervous system?
The hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.
What is cortisol responsible for? And where is it released?
The stress hormone. Produced/released from the adrenal cortex.
Where are the hormones estrogen and testosterone produced and released from?
Both are released from the adrenal cortex. In males testosterone is also produced in the testes. In females ovaries also produce estrogen.
These hormones help with sexual functioning and development.
What is the effect of the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine? Where are they released?
They cause physiological changes associated with the sympathetic nervous system. Released by the adrenal medulla.
What are the three types of primitive reflexes in infants?
Rooting reflex
Moro reflex
Babinski reflex
Grasping reflex
What is the rooting reflex
Infants turn their heads toward anything that brushes the cheek
What is the moro reflex?
The infant extends the arms then slowly retracts them and cries in response to a sensation of falling.
What is the Babinski reflex?
The big toe is extended and the other toes fan in response to the brushing of the soul of the foot.
What is the grasping reflex?
The infant grabs anything put into his or her hand.
What is neurulation?
The development of the nervous system in the gestational stage.
What is the overall process of neurulation?
The ectoderm furrows into the notochord which ultimately closes completely forming the neural tube. The neural tube is surrounded by the alar plate (left and right) and the basal plate (top and bottom)
What does the alar plate differentiate into?
Sensory neurons
What does the basal plate differentiate into?
Motor neurons
What does the embryonic brain originate from?
The neural tube.
What are the three initial swellings of the embryonic brain?
The prosencephalon (forebrain) mesencephalon (midbrain) rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
What are the five swellings of the more mature embryonic brain?
telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
What does the prosencephalon divide into in the embryonic brain?
Divides into the telencephalon and the diencephalon
What does the mesencephalon differentiate into in the embryonic brain?
It is not differentiate. It begins as the mesencephalon and ends as the mesencephalon.
What does a rhombencephalon differentiate into in the embryonic brain?
Differentiates into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon.
