Chapter 7 mega review

Question 1

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 1

At precentral gyrus: important in the execution of voluntary movement (conscious movement of skeletal muscles)

Question 2

Premotor Area

Answer 2

Premotor cortex: motor area anterior to primary motor cortex; thought to be involved in the planning of movements but also other functions (still not understood)

Question 3

Broca’s Area

Answer 3

Usually only located in left hemisphere; most active just before words are spoken. Broca’s area interacts with sensory information from the temporal complex, devising a plan for speaking & passing that along to the motor cortex

Question 4

Prefrontal Area

Answer 4

(Personality & Behavior) Cognition, executive function (planning, decision-making, problem-seolving, self-control, and acting with long term goals in mind); higher level cognitive processes.

Question 5

Olfactory Cortex

Answer 5

Vital for processing & perception of odor. Is a component of the limbic system (connects senses such as odors to memories & emotions).

Question 6

Auditory Association Area

Answer 6

Processes complex sounds

Question 7

Auditory Cortex

Answer 7

Interprets sound & language we hear (loudness, pitch, localization of basic sound).

Question 8

Gustatory Cortex

Answer 8

Responsible for the perception of taste and flavor.

Question 9

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 9

At post-central gyrus in parietal lobe: impulses traveling from the body’s sensory receptors (except for special senses) are localized and interpreted in this area; allows you to recognize pain, coldness or light touch.

Question 10

Sensory Association

Answer 10

Integrates sensory information based on sensory inputs.

Question 11

Visual Association Area

Answer 11

Processing of visual information for perception of motor & spacial relationships ( respond to visual stimuli)

Question 12

Visual Cortex

Answer 12

Determines basic attributes of vision (light, shape, color, size, direction).

Question 13

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 13

Recognizes spoken words, interprets the meaning of speech (damage: causes inability to communicate with logical word choices)

Question 14

Ventricles

Answer 14

A system of cavities/space that produce CSF (cerebrospinal fluid); choroid plexuses produce CSF & CSF circulates; 4 ventricles

Question 15

Cingulate Gyrus

Answer 15

Arch shaped; just above corpus callosum; is a component of the limbic system (involved in processing emotions & behavior regulation also helps regulate autonomic motor function). Coordinates sensory input w/ emotion, emotional response to pain, and regulates aggressive behavior.

Question 16

Thalamus

Answer 16

Serves as the main relay station (motor, limbic, sensory pathways pass through - all except olfaction)

Question 17

Hypothalamus

Answer 17

Central to many autonomous functions, notably the regulation of homeostasis. Controls body temp., hunger, thirst, circadian cycles; regulates the pituitary.

Question 18

Optic Chiasm

Answer 18

The point where the optic nerves comes together & forms an X structure.

Question 19

Pituitary Gland

Answer 19

Main endocrine interface b/w the CNS & entire body. ¨Master gland.¨ Hypothalamus controls it by sending it messages. Pea size (in sella turcica); posterior to nose.

Question 20

Midbrain

Answer 20

Topmost part of the brainstem. Crucial in processing visual & auditory signals. Also involved in movement of body and head. Controls motor movement and reflexes.

Question 21

Pons

Answer 21

Pathway for tracts going from cerebrum down to medulla & spinal cord. Nerves that carry info about sensations of touch, pain, temp from face & head. Swallowing, tears, hearing, maintaining balance.

Question 22

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 22

Connects brainstem to spinal cord. Essential for survival b/c it ensures vital signals/systems (cardio and respiratory). Responsible for vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing.

Question 23

Meninges

Answer 23

Layed unit of membranous connective tissue that covers brain & spinal cord. 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (deepest).

Question 24

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 24

Sheet of neural tissue that is the outermost to the cerebrum. Grey b/c nerves lack myelin.

Question 25

Cerebrum

Answer 25

Uppermost part of brain. Divided into right & left hemispheres. Receives sensory information, processes it, regulates motor & conscious activity.

Question 26

Corpus Callosum

Answer 26

Links 2 hemispheres. Is a thick bundle of nerve fibers that ensures both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other.

Question 27

Pineal gland

Answer 27

Small, pine cone shaped. An endocrine gland that controls the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin (also has a reproductive function being associated w/ onset of puberty).

Question 28

Cerebellum

Answer 28

Plays a role in motor movement regulation and balance control. Coordinates gait. Maintains posture. Controls muscle tone and voluntary muscle activity.

Question 29

Which one of the meninges is the strongest?

Answer 29

Dura mater

Question 30

Which of the following meninges forms the loose, mid-layer brain covering?

Answer 30

Arachnoid mater

Question 31

The hypothalamus regulates the…

Answer 31

Pituitary gland

Question 32

Impulse conductions

Answer 32

1. Nerve cell receives a stimulation, causing local potential changes
2. Sodium channels in the axon open and sodium diffuses inward, depolarizing the membrane.
3. Potassium channels in the membrane open and potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane.
4. The electric current reached the axon terminal where synaptic vesicles release their neurotransmitters by exocytosis into the synaptic cleft.
5. The resulting action potential causes an electric current that stimulates adjacent portions of the membrane.

Question 33

Which one of the meninges is the most delicate?

Answer 33

Pia mater