Chapter 7 mega review Flashcards
Primary Motor Cortex
At precentral gyrus: important in the execution of voluntary movement (conscious movement of skeletal muscles)
Premotor Area
Premotor cortex: motor area anterior to primary motor cortex; thought to be involved in the planning of movements but also other functions (still not understood)
Broca’s Area
Usually only located in left hemisphere; most active just before words are spoken. Broca’s area interacts with sensory information from the temporal complex, devising a plan for speaking & passing that along to the motor cortex
Prefrontal Area
(Personality & Behavior) Cognition, executive function (planning, decision-making, problem-seolving, self-control, and acting with long term goals in mind); higher level cognitive processes.
Olfactory Cortex
Vital for processing & perception of odor. Is a component of the limbic system (connects senses such as odors to memories & emotions).
Auditory Association Area
Processes complex sounds
Auditory Cortex
Interprets sound & language we hear (loudness, pitch, localization of basic sound).
Gustatory Cortex
Responsible for the perception of taste and flavor.
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
At post-central gyrus in parietal lobe: impulses traveling from the body’s sensory receptors (except for special senses) are localized and interpreted in this area; allows you to recognize pain, coldness or light touch.
Sensory Association
Integrates sensory information based on sensory inputs.
Visual Association Area
Processing of visual information for perception of motor & spacial relationships ( respond to visual stimuli)
Visual Cortex
Determines basic attributes of vision (light, shape, color, size, direction).
Wernicke’s Area
Recognizes spoken words, interprets the meaning of speech (damage: causes inability to communicate with logical word choices)
Ventricles
A system of cavities/space that produce CSF (cerebrospinal fluid); choroid plexuses produce CSF & CSF circulates; 4 ventricles
Cingulate Gyrus
Arch shaped; just above corpus callosum; is a component of the limbic system (involved in processing emotions & behavior regulation also helps regulate autonomic motor function). Coordinates sensory input w/ emotion, emotional response to pain, and regulates aggressive behavior.
Thalamus
Serves as the main relay station (motor, limbic, sensory pathways pass through - all except olfaction)
Hypothalamus
Central to many autonomous functions, notably the regulation of homeostasis. Controls body temp., hunger, thirst, circadian cycles; regulates the pituitary.
Optic Chiasm
The point where the optic nerves comes together & forms an X structure.
Pituitary Gland
Main endocrine interface b/w the CNS & entire body. ¨Master gland.¨ Hypothalamus controls it by sending it messages. Pea size (in sella turcica); posterior to nose.
Midbrain
Topmost part of the brainstem. Crucial in processing visual & auditory signals. Also involved in movement of body and head. Controls motor movement and reflexes.
Pons
Pathway for tracts going from cerebrum down to medulla & spinal cord. Nerves that carry info about sensations of touch, pain, temp from face & head. Swallowing, tears, hearing, maintaining balance.
Medulla Oblongata
Connects brainstem to spinal cord. Essential for survival b/c it ensures vital signals/systems (cardio and respiratory). Responsible for vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing.
Meninges
Layed unit of membranous connective tissue that covers brain & spinal cord. 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (deepest).
Cerebral Cortex
Sheet of neural tissue that is the outermost to the cerebrum. Grey b/c nerves lack myelin.
Cerebrum
Uppermost part of brain. Divided into right & left hemispheres. Receives sensory information, processes it, regulates motor & conscious activity.
Corpus Callosum
Links 2 hemispheres. Is a thick bundle of nerve fibers that ensures both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other.
Pineal gland
Small, pine cone shaped. An endocrine gland that controls the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin (also has a reproductive function being associated w/ onset of puberty).
Cerebellum
Plays a role in motor movement regulation and balance control. Coordinates gait. Maintains posture. Controls muscle tone and voluntary muscle activity.
Which one of the meninges is the strongest?
Dura mater
Which of the following meninges forms the loose, mid-layer brain covering?
Arachnoid mater
The hypothalamus regulates the…
Pituitary gland
Impulse conductions
- Nerve cell receives a stimulation, causing local potential changes
- Sodium channels in the axon open and sodium diffuses inward, depolarizing the membrane.
- Potassium channels in the membrane open and potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane.
- The electric current reached the axon terminal where synaptic vesicles release their neurotransmitters by exocytosis into the synaptic cleft.
- The resulting action potential causes an electric current that stimulates adjacent portions of the membrane.
Which one of the meninges is the most delicate?
Pia mater
