Chapter 10 review Flashcards
Where is the buffy coat in a centrifuged blood sample and what is it made out of?
At the junction b/w erythrocytes & plasma. Contains platelets & leukocytes.
Three types of formed elements in blood
Erythrocytes (4-6 million)
Platelets (250,000-400,000)
Leukocytes (4,800-10,800)
Diapedesis
The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.
Amoeboid motion
Movement of red blood cells via diffusion.
Sickle cell anemia
Genetic defect that leads to abnormal hemoglobin shape.
Anemia
Is caused by a shortage of iron in your body. Your bone marrow needs iron to make hemoglobin. Without adequate iron, your body can’t produce enough hemoglobin for red blood cells.
Polycythemia
Excessive or abnormal increase in the # of RBC. Can occur from either cancer or in individuals who are living in very high altitudes.
Leukocytosis
High wbc count, above 11,000 cells/mm3.
Leukopenia
Abnormally low WBC count (“penia” means deficiency).
Leukemia
Bone marrow becomes cancerous & huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly. These immature wbcs do not function properly resulting in the body becoming easy prey for bacteria and viruses.
What are 3 types of granulocytes?
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils. (BEN)
What are 2 types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocyte & monocyte
What percentage of your blood do WBC’s account for?
55%
What percentage of your blood do RBC’s (erythrocytes) account for?
45%
What percentage of your blood does plasma account for?
less than 1%
What does blood plasma contain?
90% water, 7% proteins such as albumin and fibrin (clotting), and 1% other subtsances such as electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and metabolic waste.
Erythrocyte (RBC)
Shape is biconcave disc. Only live about 120 days. Unable to grow, synthesize proteins, or divide. Number in the millions per mm3.
Leukocyte (WBC)
Able to leave the bloodstream via diapedesis. Defends against microbes. Able to contract. May be phagocytic.
Platelet
Participates in hemostasis. Number in the hundreds per mm3. Unable to grow, synthesize proteins, or divide. Anucleate cell. Megakarocyte fragment.
Neutrophil
Granulocyte - increase in number with bacterial infections. Most numerous
Lymphocyte
Agranulocyte - produces antibodies. May become B-cells or T-cells.
Monocyte
Agranulocyte - phagocytic. Can become macrophages.
Eosinophil
Granulocyte - increases in number with allergies. Increases with allergy attacks and infections of parasitic worms.
Basophil
Granulocyte - releases histamine & heparin (an anticoagulant). Increases in number with allergies.
Which stem cell gives rise to all formed elements of the blood?
Hemocytoblast
What is the average functional lifespan of a RBC?
100-120 days
Erythrocyte (RBC) production is stimulated by what hormone? Produced in what organ?
Erythropoietin in the kidneys
Three phases of hemostasis
- Vascular spasm (a brief and intense contraction of blood vessels which reduces the amount of blood flow through the area and limits the amount of blood loss)
- Platelet plug formation (Platelets adhere to damaged endothelium and become sticky for more platelets to adhere)
- Coagulation events occur (reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin mesh that acts as a glue to hold the clot)
What protein forms the meshwork of the coagulation formed (blood clot)?
Fibrin
Embolus
An abnormal blood clot that breaks loose and moves
Thrombus
A blood clot that forms in an uninjured blood vessel
Antigens
A substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies
Antibodies
Molecules found in blood plasma and produced by lymphocytes.
Agglutination
A complex can form between antibodies and specific antigens on RBCs that results in clumping of the RBCs.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Also called erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when Mom is Rh-, the fetus is Rh+, and mom has antibodies from a previous pregnancy in which baby was Rh+. The anti Rh antibodies produced by mom enter the current fetus’ bloodstream and attack & destroy the fetal RBCs. HDN can be prevented by giving the mom injection(s) of Rhogam® during the pregnancy.
What percentage of blood loss will result in severe shock?
Over 30%
What is a substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies?
Antigen
What is the most common blood type in the US population?
O+
Which blood type is known as the universal recipient?
Blood type AB+ is known as the universal recipient because they have all three antigens (Antigen A, antigen B and antigen Rh). They would not recognize any other blood type as “foreign.” In other words, they would not produce any antibodies for A, B, or Rh antigens.
How is blood type O different from blood type A and B?
Blood type O does not have any antigens on the surface of the blood cell if the person is O- (Blood type O- produces antibodies against A antigens, B antigens, and Rh antigens). Blood type O+ has only the Rh antigen on the surface (Blood type O+ produces antibodies against A antigens and B antigens). Blood types A and B both have antigens on the surface (blood type A has the A antigen, blood type B has the B antigen), (Blood type A produces antibodies for B antigens, and Rh antigens if they are A- or B-)
Which blood type can a person with type AB receive?
A person with AB+ blood can receive blood from any blood type. A person with AB- blood can receive blood from A-, B-, AB- and O-.
Which blood type can a person with type O receive?
A person with O- blood can receive blood only from O-. A person with O+ blood can receive blood from O- or O+.
What is normal blood pH?
7.35-7.45
