Chapter 1 and 3 Review Flashcards
A nurse informed John that she was about to take blood from his antecubital region. What part of his body was she referring to?
Anterior elbow
Later the nurse came back and said that she was going to give John an antibiotic shot in his deltoid region. Where is this located?
The curve of his shoulder
Axillar region
Armpit
Cervical region
Neck
Scapular region
Back
Right brachial region
Arm (above or proximal to elbow)
Integumentary system
Skin/outer covering: waterproofs, cushions, protects. Ex: skin, hair, nails.
Skeletal system
Supports body/provides the framework. Ex: bones such as the femur.
Muscular system
Contracts and produces movement. Ex: skeletal muscles such as the bicep.
Nervous system
Fast-acting control system. Ex: brain and spinal cord.
Endocrine system
Slow-acting produces hormones. Ex: pancreas + thyroid
Cardiovascular system
Uses blood as a transport vehicle to transport oxygen, nutrients, and hormones. Ex: heart and blood vessels.
Lymphatic system
Cleanse blood/return fluids back to blood. Ex: spleen, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes.
Respiratory system
Brings O2 into the body and removes CO2. Ex: pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs.
Digestive system
Breaks down food. Ex: esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
Urinary system
Excretion of nitrogen-containing waste. Ex: kidneys & bladder.
Reproductive system
Production of offspring. Ex: testes and ovaries.
In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete wastes, what other functions must an organism perform if it is to survive?
Maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, reproduction, and growth.
Oxygen is a survival need. Why is it so important?
O2 is required for chemical reactions to occur and you can only survive a few minutes without it.
A newborn baby is unable to hold down any milk. Examination reveals a developmental disorder in which the esophagus fails to connect to the stomach. What survival needs are most immediately threatened?
Nutrients + excretion of waste.
When we say that the body demonstrates homeostasis, do we mean that conditions in the body are unchanging?
No; simply means that the body tries to maintain a dynamic equilibrium. Constantly shifting to keep levels as balanced as possible.
When we begin to become dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink liquids. Is the thirst sensation part of a negative or a positive feedback control system?
Negative feedback loop. As soon as drinking occurs, thirst is quenched. If it were a positive feedback loop we would keep drinking water past the point of being thirsty.
The eyes are __________ to the brain
Anterior
The nose is __________ to the shoulders
Superior
My toes are ____________ to my femur.
Distal
My elbow is _________ to my wrist
Proximal
My lungs are ___________ to my small intestine
Superior
The skin is __________ to the muscles
Superficial
The bone is _________ to the skin
Deep
The plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is called the?
Frontal/coronal
The cranial cavity is part of the _________ cavity.
Dorsal
The thoracic cavity is part of the _________ cavity
Ventral
The ____________ cavity is directly inferior to the diaphragm.
Abdominopelvic
Anatomy
The structure of the body
Physiology
The function of the body
Levels of structure/organization
Chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
General characteristics of epithelial tissue
Widespread throughout the body, forms the covering of all body surfaces, lines cavities, hollow organs, and major glands.
Most important functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.
Where is ciliated epithelium found, and what role does it play?
Ciliated epithelium moves particles or fluid over epithelial surfaces inside the trachea, brachial tubes, and nasal cavities (always near goblet cells).
Where in the body might you find stratified epithelium and why?
Anywhere with abrasion or needed for protection.
Where in the body might you find simple epithelium and why?
Any plane that is needed for quick diffusion, secretion, or absorption.
Since epithelial tissues are avascular, how do these tissues receive nourishment?
Simple diffusion: particles move from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
How do connective tissues differ significantly from other tissues?
CT is found between other tissues. All CTs contain 3 components: fibers, ground substance, and cells.
General characteristics of connective tissue
- Contain an extracellular matrix
- Cells scattered in matrix
- Fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
What are the functions of connective tissues? How are their functions (physiology) reflected in their structures (anatomy)?
- Bind/support
- Protect
- Insulate
- Fuel reserve
- Transport
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Contract, mobility, stability, posture, organ protection, and temperature regulation.
Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue
- Voluntarily controlled
- Banded (striated) appearance
- Multinucleate
- Found attached to bones
- Allows you to direct your eyeballs
- Contains long, non-branching cylindrical cells
- Concerned with locomotion of the body as a whole
Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
- Involuntarily controlled
- Banded (striated) appearance
- Single nucleus in each cell
- Contains cylindrical cells with branching ends
- Displays intercalated discs
- Tissue of the circulatory pump
Characteristics of smooth muscle tissue
- Involuntarily controlled
- Single nucleus in each cell
- Found in the walls of the stomach, uterus, and arteries
- Contains spindle-shaped cells
- Changes the internal volume of an organ as it contracts
Structurally, neurons are very different from other cells. How does their structure (anatomy) relate to their function (physiology)?
Neurons send and receive signals. Structurally, they have projections off of their cell bodies (dendrites and axons) to receive and send these messages.
What is the difference between a nerve cell (neuron) and the support cells of the nervous system?
Nerve cells send and receive electrical signals or impulses. Glial cells do not; they insulate, protect, and nourish nerve cells.
Where is simple squamous epithelium found and its function?
Lungs for diffusion
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found and its function?
Kidney tubules and ducts of small glands for secretion and absorption
Where is simple columnar epithelium found and its function?
Digestive tract for absorption of nutrients and secretion of mucus and digestive enzymes.
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found and its function?
Trachea and upper respiratory tract for secretion and propulsion of mucus.
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found and its function?
Skin for protection from abrasion.
Where is transitional epithelium found and its function?
Bladder to stretch and contract easily.
Where is areolar connective tissue found and its function?
Widely distributed under epithelium for cushioning organs.
Where is adipose connective tissue found and its function?
Fat of the body; under skin, abdomen, and breast. Protects, insulates, and fuel reserve.
Where is reticular connective tissue found and its function?
Lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow for forming internal skeleton.
Where is dense regular connective tissue found and its function?
Tendons/ligaments for attaching muscle to bone or bone to bone.
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found and its function?
Dermis of skin and capsule around organs and joints for withstanding tension in many directions.
Where is hyaline cartilage connective tissue found and its function?
Ends of long bones and ribs for supporting and reinforcing.
Where is elastic cartilage connective tissue found and its function?
External ear and epiglottis for allowing flexibility.
Where is bone (osseous) connective tissue found and its function?
Bones for providing levers for muscles, protecting, supporting, and storing minerals.
Where is blood connective tissue found and its function?
Blood vessels for transporting gases.
Where is skeletal muscle tissue found and its function?
Muscles attached to bone for voluntary movement.
Where is cardiac muscle tissue found and its function?
Walls of the heart for propelling blood.
Where is smooth muscle tissue found and its function?
Walls of hollow organs for propelling foodstuffs.
Where is nervous tissue found and its function?
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves for transmitting electrical impulses.
What is the strongest fiber type: collagen, elastin, or cartilage?
Collagen
Which fiber type is a highly elastic protein that allows tissues to resume their shape after stretching or contracting?
Elastin
What are goblet cells and what kind of tissue are they typically found in?
Goblet cells secrete mucus found in epithelial tissue.
What are the four main types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
What is histology?
The study of tissue
What are the similarities and differences between the apical surface and basal surface (basement membrane)?
Apical surface = the free surface expanded to air or outside world or inside of a hollow tube. Basal surface = connected to connective tissue.
Describe the matrix. What type of tissue is it found in?
The matrix is the non-living component of connective tissue. It is made of water, dissolved proteins, and fiber. The extracellular matrix is found in connective tissue.
