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Anatomy > Chapter 7 Intro > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

At the pre-central gyrus: important in the execution of voluntary movement (conscious movement of skeletal muscles)

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2
Q

Pre-motor area

A

(Pre-motor cortex) Motor area anterior to primary motor cortex; thought to be involved in the planning of movements but also other functions (still not understood)

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3
Q

Broca’s area

A

Usually only located in left hemisphere; most active just before words are spoken. Broca’s area interacts with sensory information from the temporal complex, devising a plan for speaking & passing that along to the motor cortex

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4
Q

Pre-frontal area

A

Personality & Behavior: cognition, executive function, planning, decision-making, problem solving, self-control, and acting with long term goals in mind, higher level cognitive process.

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5
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Vital for processing & perception of odor, is a component of the limbic system (connects senses such as odors to memories & emotions).

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6
Q

Auditory Association Area

A

Processes complex sounds.

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7
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Interprets sound & language we hear (loudness, pitch, localization of basic sounds).

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8
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Responsible for the perception of taste & flavor.

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9
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

At post-central gyrus in parietal lobe: impulses travelling from the body’s sensory receptors (except for special senses) are localized and interpreted in this area; allows you to recognize pain, coldness, or light touch.

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10
Q

Sensory association area

A

Integrates sensory information based on sensory inputs.

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11
Q

Visual association area

A

Processing of visual information for perception of motor & spacial relationships (respond to visual stimuli)

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12
Q

Visual cortex

A

Determines basic attributes of vision: light, shape, color, size, direction.

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13
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Recognize spoken words, interpret the meaning of speech. Damage: causes inability to communicate with logical word choices.

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14
Q

Axon

A

The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

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15
Q

Axon terminal

A

The very end of the axon that releases neurotransmitters when stimulated by an electrical signal carried by the axon.

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16
Q

Axon hillock

A

Specialized part of the soma that connects to the axon.

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17
Q

Dendrite

A

The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

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18
Q

Myelin

A

A layer of fatty tissue that covers the axon which aides in the speed of neural impulses; the thicker the myelin sheath, the faster the impulse. If the myelin sheath degenerates, it could lead to multiple sclerosis (communication to muscles slows, with eventual loss of muscle control).

19
Q

Soma

A

The neurons life support center that also produces neurotransmitters

20
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Spaces between the myelin.

21
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between the terminal branch of the synaptic gap

22
Q

Resting potential

A

-70 mV
Sodium and potassium channels are closed
Na+ & K+ levels are not changing in or out of the axon

23
Q

Depolarization

A

Increases to +30 mV
Sodium channels are open, potassium channels are closed
Na+ is flowing into the axon through the sodium channels

24
Q

Repolarization

A

Decreases to -90 mV
Sodium channels are closed, potassium channels are open
K+ is flowing out of the axon through potassium channels

25
Q

Refractory period

A

Returns to -70 mV
Sodium & potassium channels are closed
Na+ comes out of the axon, K+ comes into the axon

26
Q

Would a substance that decreases membrane permeability to sodium (Na+) increase or decrease probability of generating a nerve impulse?

A

Decrease

27
Q

Steps of action potential

A
  1. Resting membrane (is polarized due to greater amounts of Na+ extracellularly than K+ internally)
  2. A stimulus changes the permeability of a local “patch” of the membrane, and Na+ ions diffuse rapidly into the cell. This changes the polarity of the membrane; the inside becomes more positive and the outside more negative at that site.
  3. If the stimulus is strong enough, depolarization causes membrane polarity to be completely reversed, and an action potential is initiated.
  4. The action potential propagates rapidly along the entire length of the membrane
  5. The negative charge on the inside of the membrane is restored again due to K+ ions diffusing out of the cell. Repolarization occurs in the same direction as depolarization.
  6. Ionic conditions of the resting state are restored by the activity of the sodium-potassium pump. Three sodium ions are ejected for every two potassium ions carried back into the cell.
28
Q

Signals

A

Axons send signals away from neurons whereas dendrites receives signals from other neurons.

29
Q

When the neuron expels potassium:

A

The inside of the cell loses positive ions and produces a negative charge inside

30
Q

The exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge

A

True

31
Q

The sodium-potassium pump is involved in establishing the resting membrane potential.

A

True

32
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Abundant, star-shaped cells
  • Brace neurons to their nutrient supply
  • Form barrier between capillaries and neurons
  • Control the chemical environment of the brain
  • Account for nearly 1/2 of neural tissue
33
Q

Microglial cells

A
  • Spider-like phagocytes
  • Dispose of debris (dead brain cells, bacteria, etc.)
34
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
  • Circulate cerebrospinal fluid (due to beating cilia) and provides a cushion around the CNS
35
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system
  • Produce myelin sheaths (fatty insulating coverings)
36
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

37
Q

Satellite cells

A

Protective, cushioning neuron cell bodies

38
Q

Reflex

A

Rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to stimulus

39
Q

Reflex arc

A

The pathway of a reflex from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector.

40
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Activation of skeletal muscles: when you move your hand away from a hot stove.

41
Q

Autonomic reflexes

A

Smooth muscle regulation, heart and blood pressure regulation, regulation of glands, and digestive system regulation.

42
Q

Simple reflex arc

A
  1. Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle
  2. Sensory (afferent) neuron
  3. Synapse in ventral horn gray matter
  4. Motor (efferent) neuron
  5. Effector (quadriceps muscle of the thigh)
43
Q

Types of reflexes and regulation

A

Patellar, or knee-jerk, reflex is an example of a two-neuron reflex arc.

Anatomy (13 decks)

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