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Anatomy > Chapter 4 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of body membranes?

A

Line or cover body surfaces
Protect body surfaces
Lubricate body surfaces

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2
Q

What type of body membrane lines body organs and tissues open to the exterior environment?

A

Mucous membranes

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3
Q

What type of body membrane lines body organs and tissues NOT open to the exterior environment?

A

Serous membranes

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4
Q

What type of body membrane makes up most of the skin?

A

Cutaneous membranes

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5
Q

What type of body membrane lines joint cavities to prevent friction and arthritis?

A

Synovial membranes

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6
Q

Parietal pleura

A

The outer serous membrane surrounding the lungs

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7
Q

Visceral pleura

A

The inner serous membrane surrounding the lungs

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8
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

The outer serous membrane surrounding the heart

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9
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

The inner serous membrane surrounding the heart

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10
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

The outer serous membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity and its organs

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11
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

The inner serous membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity and its organs

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the integument superficial to deep?

A

Epidermis—most superficial, 20-30 cell layers thick (stratum corneum), consists of stratified squamous tissue, waterproof, 5 layers total
Dermis—consists of dense connective tissue, containing nerve receptors, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, hair and hair follicles, 2 layers
Subcutaneous/hypodermis layer—Made mainly of adipose tissue; insulates from extreme temperature change; acts as a shock absorber to protect organs.

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13
Q

What are the functions of the two layers of skin (epidermis & dermis)?

A

Epidermis – outermost layers of skin that provide a hard, barrier (keratinized) composed of stratified squamous epithelium

Dermis – underlying skin layers made up of dense connective tissue that house nerve receptors, glands, and blood vessels to maintain nutrient flow and keep skin functioning normally

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14
Q

What are the functions of the layer beneath the skin (called the hypodermis or subcutaneous)?

A

The hypodermis is the deepest layer of the integument and is made mostly of adipose tissue. It functions to help cushion organs and anchor the skin to these underlying organs. It also offers some insulation and a little long-term energy storage.

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15
Q

Are epidermal cells alive or dead at the surface (in the stratum corneum layer)?

A

Dead

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16
Q

What is keratin?

A

Fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough, protective, and waterproof layer

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17
Q

In which layer of the skin’s epidermis is keratin most prevalent?

A

Stratum corneum (most superficial layer)

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18
Q

What are the functions of keratin?

A

Makes cells tough, durable, and waterproof; resistant to mechanical, thermal, and chemical damage, and prevents desiccation (drying out)

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19
Q

What are melanocytes? What is their function in the skin and hair?

A

Cells that create the pigment melanin, found in stratum basale; Give the skin and hair their color

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20
Q

What is the function of melanin in the skin?

A

Melanin is a pigment that is produced by melanocytes. Its primary function is to shield our cells and DNA from the harmful UV radiation from the sun. It absorbs the rays and prevents them from causing damage. It is the primary reason why we tan. The more melanin present, the darker the skin color and the more absorbing power present.

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21
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis, and what are the major skin structures that are housed in each layer?

A

Papillary layer
Projections called dermal papillae (form fingerprints)
Pain & touch receptors
Capillary loops

Reticular layer
Blood vessels (supply oxygen/nutrients & regulate body temp)
Sweat & oil glands
Nerve receptors (deep pressure)

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22
Q

How does the blood flow within the dermis help with heat regulation (body temperature homeostasis)?

A

The dermis is loaded with blood vessels that play a huge role in thermoregulation (maintaining body temperature homeostasis). When an individual gets hot or the temperature rises, the blood vessels swell or dilate (called vasodilation) with heated blood. This moves the heated blood closer to the skin’s surface (giving us a reddish hue) where heat can be lost through radiation.
When an individual gets cold or is exposed to cooler temperatures, the blood vessels constrict or shrink in size (called vasoconstriction). The blood also bypasses these blood vessels thus keeping the warm blood closer to the interior. The result is often whitish skin or in some extreme cases, blue or purple coloration.

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23
Q

What specific type of connective tissue forms the dermis?

A

Dense connective

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24
Q

What is the hair follicle? What types of tissue is it made up of?

A

The flexible epithelial structure houses the hair root and produces hair growth. It is made up of epithelial tissue.

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25
Q

What are the arrector pili muscles (in the dermis) and what do they do?

A

Smooth muscle bands connect each hair follicle to the dermal tissue and contract to force hair out (raising the shaft) and cause goosebumps.

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26
Q

What are sebaceous (oil) glands? What is the main product of this gland? What does this product do for our skin?

A

Oil glands, and sebum, lubricate skin, to keep skin soft and pliable, and to keep hair soft, pliable, and flexible to prevent brittleness and cracking

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27
Q

What are the functions of sudoriferous (sweat) glands?

A

Thermoregulation (heat control) and excretion of wastes; also apocrine secretions are bacterial food and cause body odor.

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28
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands? How are they different?

A

Eccrine – produces most of the sweat, found everywhere, important in thermoregulation, opens into pores of the skin via ducts

Apocrine – produce some sweat, found in axillary and genital regions, activate during puberty, opens through the hair follicle; yellowish – milky white secretion that bacteria feed off of and create body odor.

29
Q

The dermal papillae create the epidermal ridges, which cause the genetically unique ____ on the tips of the fingers.

A

Fingerprints

30
Q

Stratum corneum

A

The outermost layer of the skin

31
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

The layer of epidermis is usually only found on the palms of hands and soles of feet

32
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Middle layer

33
Q

Stratum spinosum

A
34
Q

Stratum basale

A

Where melanocytes are found, the site of most cellular division.

35
Q

Papillary layer

A

The layer of the dermis where touch and pain receptors are found as well as capillaries provide nutrients to the stratum basale. Where we get our fingerprints from!

36
Q

Reticular layer

A

The layer of the dermis where deep pressure receptors, blood vessels, oil, and sweat glands are found

37
Q

Hypodermis/subcutaneous layer

A

Not a layer of skin, mostly made of adipose tissue

38
Q

What are the 3 pigments that make up skin color?

A

Melanin – black, brown, and yellow that gives skin its color, protects against UV rays
Hemoglobin – the molecule that holds O2 and gives Caucasians rosy color
Carotene – an orange-yellow pigment found in carrots, gives skin an orange-ish appearance

39
Q

List and describe the different types of abnormal skin coloration and what they might indicate.

A

Cyanosis: Skin appears blue due to poorly oxygenated hemoglobin protein, Common during heart failure and breathing disorders

Redness or Erythema: Skin appears red, and flushed; Common during embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension (high blood pressure), inflammation, and allergy

Pallor or Blanching: Skin appears pale and lighter than usual, Common during strong emotions (fear, anger), anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow

Jaundice: Skin appears abnormally yellow, Commonly indicating a liver disorder (bile pigments are absorbed into the blood and deposited into body tissues)

Bruises: Skin appears black and blue; Areas where blood has escaped from circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces (called a hematoma); Common in hemophiliacs (have bleeder’s disease) or if deficient in Vitamin C

40
Q

Describe the process of how hair and nails grow from the hair bulb matrix and the nail matrix, respectively.

A

As hair and nail cells are produced by the hair bulb matrix and nail matrix, respectively, they become heavily keratinized and die. Therefore, hair and nails consist mostly of protein which is non-living material.

41
Q

Describe the three types of burns. Which is most common? Which is the worst/most damaging?

A

1st degree– superficial, heal in two to three days (most sunburns), only epidermis affected, most common
2nd degree - epidermis and upper dermis affected, painful and blistering, skin can regenerate later
3rd degree– no regeneration of skin, the worst kind, the entire thickness of skin affected, infection is common later

42
Q

What is the rule of nines? Why is it important? (What does it allow doctors to do?)

A

This is a method of determining the body percentage of burns. Divides the body into 11 regions that represent 9% of body skin, 1% is in the genital region. It allows doctors to estimate how much body fluid has been lost.

43
Q

How much of the body skin percentage is represented by the whole right arm?

A

9%

44
Q

How much of the body skin percentage is represented by the front and back of head combined?

A

9%

45
Q

How much of the body skin percentage is represented by the front of your left leg?

A

9%

46
Q

Describe the three types of skin cancer, including the cell types involved.

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma: Least malignant, Most common type, Arises from stratum basale
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Arises from stratum spinosum; Metastasizes to lymph nodes; Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Malignant melanoma: Most deadly of skin cancers; Cancer of melanocytes; Metastasizes (travels and settles in) rapidly to lymph and blood vessels; Detection uses ABCDE rule

47
Q

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

48
Q

What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?

A

Malignant melanoma

49
Q

What is the ABCDE rule? What type of skin cancer does it apply to?

A

Method of examining the skin for new moles or pigmented spots to see if possibly cancerous,
Malignant Melanoma
Asymmetry – 2 or more sides are uneven
Border Irregularity – no smooth areas, indented edges
Color – black, brown, tan, and sometimes blue/red
Diameter – greater than 6mm in diameter.
Evolving – changing size, shape, or color

50
Q

Hair shaft

A

part of the hair that protrudes from skin surface

51
Q

Albinism (albino person)

A

skin condition caused by an absence of melanin

52
Q

Dermal Papillae

A

permanent ridges of the skin that give us our fingerprints

53
Q

Jaundice

A

yellow discoloration of the skin, indicative of a liver disorder

54
Q

Hair root

A

the part of the hair implanted in the skin
inflammation of the skin

55
Q

Sebum

A

lubricates the skin, keeping it soft and pliable

56
Q

Carotene

A

gives the skin an orange color; molecules found in some vegetables

57
Q

Hemoglobin

A

the molecule found in the blood that gives the skin a red color when flushed

58
Q

Eccrine gland

A

sweat gland found all over the body, involved in body temperature regulation

59
Q

Apocrine gland

A

sweat gland that becomes active during puberty, along with bacteria produces body odor

60
Q

Nail

A

scale-like modification of the epidermis that is mostly keratinized

61
Q

Protects against mechanical damage (bumps, friction, abrasion)

A

by providing a physical barrier; accomplished because of the tough protein keratin and being a stratified (many-layered) tissue.

62
Q

Protects against bacterial damage (pathogens)

A

barrier prevents penetration into deeper tissues, creates acid mantle which inhibits bacterial growth, and phagocytes ingest foreign substances and pathogens

63
Q

Protects against chemical damage (acids, bases)

A

the tough protein keratin creates impermeable layer; the skin also contains pain receptors so we know when damage has occurred

64
Q

Protects against ultraviolet (UV) radiation

A

melanin produced by melanocytes absorbs harmful UV rays

65
Q

Protection against thermal damage (heat and cold)

A

the skin contains heat, cold, & pain receptors to sense changes; additionally keratin provides our first barrier to prevent damage from heat & cold

66
Q

Protection against desiccation (drying out)

A

the skin contains waterproofing substances such as keratin to keep moisture out but also the moisture inside our bodies in.

67
Q

Thermoregulation

A

aids in body heat loss (sweat glands, increased blood flow through capillaries - vasodilation) or heat retention (decreased blood flow through capillaries - vasoconstriction)

68
Q

Synthesis of Vitamin D from cholesterol

A

using UV radiation energy from the sun; the rays help convert cholesterol into useable vitamin D to regulate calcium in our bodies

69
Q

Excretion of metabolic wastes

A

such as urea and uric acid through perspiration (sweating)

Anatomy (13 decks)

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