Chapter 4 Review Flashcards
What are the major functions of body membranes?
Line or cover body surfaces
Protect body surfaces
Lubricate body surfaces
What type of body membrane lines body organs and tissues open to the exterior environment?
Mucous membranes
What type of body membrane lines body organs and tissues NOT open to the exterior environment?
Serous membranes
What type of body membrane makes up most of the skin?
Cutaneous membranes
What type of body membrane lines joint cavities to prevent friction and arthritis?
Synovial membranes
Parietal pleura
The outer serous membrane surrounding the lungs
Visceral pleura
The inner serous membrane surrounding the lungs
Parietal pericardium
The outer serous membrane surrounding the heart
Visceral pericardium
The inner serous membrane surrounding the heart
Parietal peritoneum
The outer serous membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity and its organs
Visceral peritoneum
The inner serous membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity and its organs
What are the 3 layers of the integument superficial to deep?
Epidermis—most superficial, 20-30 cell layers thick (stratum corneum), consists of stratified squamous tissue, waterproof, 5 layers total
Dermis—consists of dense connective tissue, containing nerve receptors, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, hair and hair follicles, 2 layers
Subcutaneous/hypodermis layer—Made mainly of adipose tissue; insulates from extreme temperature change; acts as a shock absorber to protect organs.
What are the functions of the two layers of skin (epidermis & dermis)?
Epidermis – outermost layers of skin that provide a hard, barrier (keratinized) composed of stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis – underlying skin layers made up of dense connective tissue that house nerve receptors, glands, and blood vessels to maintain nutrient flow and keep skin functioning normally
What are the functions of the layer beneath the skin (called the hypodermis or subcutaneous)?
The hypodermis is the deepest layer of the integument and is made mostly of adipose tissue. It functions to help cushion organs and anchor the skin to these underlying organs. It also offers some insulation and a little long-term energy storage.
Are epidermal cells alive or dead at the surface (in the stratum corneum layer)?
Dead
What is keratin?
Fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough, protective, and waterproof layer
In which layer of the skin’s epidermis is keratin most prevalent?
Stratum corneum (most superficial layer)
What are the functions of keratin?
Makes cells tough, durable, and waterproof; resistant to mechanical, thermal, and chemical damage, and prevents desiccation (drying out)
What are melanocytes? What is their function in the skin and hair?
Cells that create the pigment melanin, found in stratum basale; Give the skin and hair their color
What is the function of melanin in the skin?
Melanin is a pigment that is produced by melanocytes. Its primary function is to shield our cells and DNA from the harmful UV radiation from the sun. It absorbs the rays and prevents them from causing damage. It is the primary reason why we tan. The more melanin present, the darker the skin color and the more absorbing power present.
What are the two layers of the dermis, and what are the major skin structures that are housed in each layer?
Papillary layer
Projections called dermal papillae (form fingerprints)
Pain & touch receptors
Capillary loops
Reticular layer
Blood vessels (supply oxygen/nutrients & regulate body temp)
Sweat & oil glands
Nerve receptors (deep pressure)
How does the blood flow within the dermis help with heat regulation (body temperature homeostasis)?
The dermis is loaded with blood vessels that play a huge role in thermoregulation (maintaining body temperature homeostasis). When an individual gets hot or the temperature rises, the blood vessels swell or dilate (called vasodilation) with heated blood. This moves the heated blood closer to the skin’s surface (giving us a reddish hue) where heat can be lost through radiation.
When an individual gets cold or is exposed to cooler temperatures, the blood vessels constrict or shrink in size (called vasoconstriction). The blood also bypasses these blood vessels thus keeping the warm blood closer to the interior. The result is often whitish skin or in some extreme cases, blue or purple coloration.
What specific type of connective tissue forms the dermis?
Dense connective
What is the hair follicle? What types of tissue is it made up of?
The flexible epithelial structure houses the hair root and produces hair growth. It is made up of epithelial tissue.
What are the arrector pili muscles (in the dermis) and what do they do?
Smooth muscle bands connect each hair follicle to the dermal tissue and contract to force hair out (raising the shaft) and cause goosebumps.
What are sebaceous (oil) glands? What is the main product of this gland? What does this product do for our skin?
Oil glands, and sebum, lubricate skin, to keep skin soft and pliable, and to keep hair soft, pliable, and flexible to prevent brittleness and cracking
What are the functions of sudoriferous (sweat) glands?
Thermoregulation (heat control) and excretion of wastes; also apocrine secretions are bacterial food and cause body odor.
What are the two types of sudoriferous glands? How are they different?
Eccrine – produces most of the sweat, found everywhere, important in thermoregulation, opens into pores of the skin via ducts
Apocrine – produce some sweat, found in axillary and genital regions, activate during puberty, opens through the hair follicle; yellowish – milky white secretion that bacteria feed off of and create body odor.
The dermal papillae create the epidermal ridges, which cause the genetically unique ____ on the tips of the fingers.
Fingerprints
Stratum corneum
The outermost layer of the skin
Stratum lucidum
The layer of epidermis is usually only found on the palms of hands and soles of feet
Stratum granulosum
Middle layer
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Where melanocytes are found, the site of most cellular division.
Papillary layer
The layer of the dermis where touch and pain receptors are found as well as capillaries provide nutrients to the stratum basale. Where we get our fingerprints from!
Reticular layer
The layer of the dermis where deep pressure receptors, blood vessels, oil, and sweat glands are found
Hypodermis/subcutaneous layer
Not a layer of skin, mostly made of adipose tissue
What are the 3 pigments that make up skin color?
Melanin – black, brown, and yellow that gives skin its color, protects against UV rays
Hemoglobin – the molecule that holds O2 and gives Caucasians rosy color
Carotene – an orange-yellow pigment found in carrots, gives skin an orange-ish appearance
List and describe the different types of abnormal skin coloration and what they might indicate.
Cyanosis: Skin appears blue due to poorly oxygenated hemoglobin protein, Common during heart failure and breathing disorders
Redness or Erythema: Skin appears red, and flushed; Common during embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension (high blood pressure), inflammation, and allergy
Pallor or Blanching: Skin appears pale and lighter than usual, Common during strong emotions (fear, anger), anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow
Jaundice: Skin appears abnormally yellow, Commonly indicating a liver disorder (bile pigments are absorbed into the blood and deposited into body tissues)
Bruises: Skin appears black and blue; Areas where blood has escaped from circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces (called a hematoma); Common in hemophiliacs (have bleeder’s disease) or if deficient in Vitamin C
Describe the process of how hair and nails grow from the hair bulb matrix and the nail matrix, respectively.
As hair and nail cells are produced by the hair bulb matrix and nail matrix, respectively, they become heavily keratinized and die. Therefore, hair and nails consist mostly of protein which is non-living material.
Describe the three types of burns. Which is most common? Which is the worst/most damaging?
1st degree– superficial, heal in two to three days (most sunburns), only epidermis affected, most common
2nd degree - epidermis and upper dermis affected, painful and blistering, skin can regenerate later
3rd degree– no regeneration of skin, the worst kind, the entire thickness of skin affected, infection is common later
What is the rule of nines? Why is it important? (What does it allow doctors to do?)
This is a method of determining the body percentage of burns. Divides the body into 11 regions that represent 9% of body skin, 1% is in the genital region. It allows doctors to estimate how much body fluid has been lost.
How much of the body skin percentage is represented by the whole right arm?
9%
How much of the body skin percentage is represented by the front and back of head combined?
9%
How much of the body skin percentage is represented by the front of your left leg?
9%
Describe the three types of skin cancer, including the cell types involved.
Basal Cell Carcinoma: Least malignant, Most common type, Arises from stratum basale
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Arises from stratum spinosum; Metastasizes to lymph nodes; Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Malignant melanoma: Most deadly of skin cancers; Cancer of melanocytes; Metastasizes (travels and settles in) rapidly to lymph and blood vessels; Detection uses ABCDE rule
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma
What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?
Malignant melanoma
What is the ABCDE rule? What type of skin cancer does it apply to?
Method of examining the skin for new moles or pigmented spots to see if possibly cancerous,
Malignant Melanoma
Asymmetry – 2 or more sides are uneven
Border Irregularity – no smooth areas, indented edges
Color – black, brown, tan, and sometimes blue/red
Diameter – greater than 6mm in diameter.
Evolving – changing size, shape, or color
Hair shaft
part of the hair that protrudes from skin surface
Albinism (albino person)
skin condition caused by an absence of melanin
Dermal Papillae
permanent ridges of the skin that give us our fingerprints
Jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin, indicative of a liver disorder
Hair root
the part of the hair implanted in the skin
inflammation of the skin
Sebum
lubricates the skin, keeping it soft and pliable
Carotene
gives the skin an orange color; molecules found in some vegetables
Hemoglobin
the molecule found in the blood that gives the skin a red color when flushed
Eccrine gland
sweat gland found all over the body, involved in body temperature regulation
Apocrine gland
sweat gland that becomes active during puberty, along with bacteria produces body odor
Nail
scale-like modification of the epidermis that is mostly keratinized
Protects against mechanical damage (bumps, friction, abrasion)
by providing a physical barrier; accomplished because of the tough protein keratin and being a stratified (many-layered) tissue.
Protects against bacterial damage (pathogens)
barrier prevents penetration into deeper tissues, creates acid mantle which inhibits bacterial growth, and phagocytes ingest foreign substances and pathogens
Protects against chemical damage (acids, bases)
the tough protein keratin creates impermeable layer; the skin also contains pain receptors so we know when damage has occurred
Protects against ultraviolet (UV) radiation
melanin produced by melanocytes absorbs harmful UV rays
Protection against thermal damage (heat and cold)
the skin contains heat, cold, & pain receptors to sense changes; additionally keratin provides our first barrier to prevent damage from heat & cold
Protection against desiccation (drying out)
the skin contains waterproofing substances such as keratin to keep moisture out but also the moisture inside our bodies in.
Thermoregulation
aids in body heat loss (sweat glands, increased blood flow through capillaries - vasodilation) or heat retention (decreased blood flow through capillaries - vasoconstriction)
Synthesis of Vitamin D from cholesterol
using UV radiation energy from the sun; the rays help convert cholesterol into useable vitamin D to regulate calcium in our bodies
Excretion of metabolic wastes
such as urea and uric acid through perspiration (sweating)
