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Management & Supervision > Chapter 7: Individual and Group Decision Making > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Individual and Group Decision Making Flashcards

How managers make things happen

1
Q

Is this an accurate description of decisions making?
The process of identifying and choosing among alternative courses of action

A

Yes

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2
Q

The rational model of decision making emerged from Adam Smith’s theory, assuming people make rational decisions based on:

A

analysis of all potential outcomes

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3
Q

The first stage in the rational decision-making process involves _____

A

identifying the problem

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4
Q

When Kendra’s manager asked the team to develop new ideas for attracting people to their trade show booth, Kendra suggested installing a video game. Which part of the rational decision-making process does Kendra’s idea exemplify?

A

Think up alternative solutions.

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5
Q

Which questions would you use to evaluate alternatives in the third stage of the rational model of decision making?

A

Is it ultimately effective?
Is it feasible?
Is it ethical?

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6
Q

A _____ is a choice made from available alternatives.

A

decision

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7
Q

Which model of decision making explains how managers should use logic to determine the optimal means of furthering the organization’s best interests?

A

The rational model

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8
Q

What stage does this scenario represent of the rational decision-making process?
Bar staff have a brainstorming session to generate ideas for attracting customers; the suggestions get crazy.

A

Stage two

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9
Q

What is the third stage of the rational model of decision making?

A

Evaluate alternatives and select a solution.

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10
Q

The rational model of decision making is considered _____ in that it describes how managers should make decisions rather than how they actually make them.

A

Prescriptive

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11
Q

In the fourth stage of rational decision making, managers will _____

A

implement and evaluate the chosen solution

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12
Q

The concept that suggests that the ability of decision makers to be rational is limited by constraints such as complexity, skills, time, and money is known as _____ rationality

A

bounded

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13
Q

As a manager, Colin realizes that there is no single formula for making easy decisions. In reality, business decisions he has to make involve uncertainty and risk. This describes the _____ model of decision making.

A

nonrational

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14
Q

Hubris is an extreme sense of what?

A

Confidence and pride

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15
Q

Successful implementation of major decisions requires what?

A

Sensitivity to those affected by the decision & Careful planning

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16
Q

Tonya decided to purchase a piece of equipment from a domestic company instead of an overseas company despite the domestic company’s higher cost and lower quality. Her decision was based on uncertainty that the foreign shipment would not be able to meet her production deadline. According to Herbert Simon, Tonya was feeling the effects of:

A

bounded rationality

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17
Q

The rational model of decision making is considered _____ in that it describes how managers should make decisions rather than how they actually make them

A

prescriptive

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18
Q

Is this a nonrational model of decision making?
Models that describe how managers actually make decisions

A

Yes

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19
Q

What is defined as an extreme and inflated sense of pride, certainty, and confidence?

A

Hubris

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20
Q

“Close enough is good enough” best characterizes which model of decision making?

A

Satisficing

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21
Q

Which model of decision making acknowledges that uncertainty and risk make it difficult for managers to make optimal decisions?

A

The nonrational model

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22
Q

Making a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical inference is known as using _____

A

intuition

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23
Q

Which model of decision making emphasizes choosing the first solution that meets the criteria rather than the optimal choice?

A

Satisficing

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24
Q

CEOs are at a higher risk of being fired for ethical violations than ever before because the public has become less forgiving of unethical behavior.
(True or False)

A

True

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25
Q

A decision tree is an analytical tool that can help managers understand the possible consequences of their decisions and to create a plan to reach a goal.
(True or False)

A

True

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26
Q

Soft skills do not have a role in evidence-based decision making.
(True of False)

A

False

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27
Q

“Going with your gut,” or _____, is making a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical inference.

A

intuition

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28
Q

Bagley’s decision tree is specifically designed for use when _____

A

making ethical choices

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29
Q

Which career-readiness competencies relate to evidence-based decision making?

A

Computational thinking
Critical thinking and problem solving
Information technology application

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30
Q

What is a primary use of AI among U.S. companies?

A

To gain competitive advantage

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31
Q

The most cited challenge to artificial intelligence (AI) is:

A

implementation

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32
Q

A graph of decisions and their possible consequences used to create a plan is known as a(n) _____

A

decision tree

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33
Q

A person’s decision-making style is a combination of how a person perceives something as well as _____

A

how they respond to it

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34
Q

An online retailer uses complex data-mining software to evaluate the preferences and buying habits of its customers and makes decisions based on these findings. This is an example of the use of _____ in the decision-making process.

A

analytics

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35
Q

Value orientation reflects the extent to which an individual focuses on which of the following dimensions?

A

Technical concerns or social concerns

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36
Q

Decision-making styles vary along which two dimensions?

A

Value orientation & tolerance for ambiguity

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37
Q

Which of these are examples of business analytics?
Marketing plans
Advertising campaigns
Time-series forecast
Groupthink
Portfolio analysis

A

Time-series forecast & portfolio analysis

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38
Q

Kendall is frustrated with her co-worker Jill. She feels that Jill doesn’t care that their manager seems to be showing favoritism toward the two other members of their team. Jill just focuses on the work she is supposed to do, which demonstrates her _____

A

value orientation

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39
Q

Which personality dimension indicates the extent to which a person has a high need for structure or control?

A

tolerance for ambiguity

40
Q

People with a(n) _____ decision-making style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are task oriented. They are efficient, logical, and practical in their approach to solving problems and making decisions. Which style do they use?

A

directive

41
Q

Which decision-making style is characterized by a high tolerance for ambiguity and the consideration of many options together with a willingness to take risks?

A

Conceptual

42
Q

Rather than holding formal meetings in the board room, Kevin prefers meeting with his group over lunch at a restaurant. He feels that his group opens up more during these lunches and opinions are openly exchanged. Which style of decision making does Kevin use?

A

Behavioral

43
Q

People with the _____ style of decision making are action oriented and like to focus on facts. They also tend to be autocratic-type managers.

A

directive

44
Q

Which decision-making style is the most people oriented of the four styles?

A

Behavioral

44
Q

When making decisions for her department, Ellie tends to take a long time because she takes into consideration a large amount of information. What type of decision-making style does Ellie demonstrate?

A

Analytical

44
Q

People with a conceptual decision-making style are likely to do which of the following?

A

Rely on intuition
Find creative solutions
Take risks

45
Q

Which one of the following best describes the decisions made by a person with an analytical style?

A

Carefully considers lots information and alternatives

46
Q

_____ are strategies such as “rules of thumb” that simplify decision making

A

Heuristics

47
Q

Eileen had provided the weekly inventory report to the management team every Friday for the past four months, but she wasn’t able to generate the report last week because she was attending a seminar learning how to use the new inventory software. Her boss sent her an e-mail reminding her of the importance of the report and asking her to be sure and submit it every Friday. This is an example of _____

A

the availability bias

48
Q

The _____ bias reflects our tendency to generalize from a small sample or single event

A

representativeness

49
Q

Which characteristics are associated with someone with a high tolerance for ambiguity?

A

Thriving in uncertain situations & Lacking a strong need for control

50
Q

Knowledge of decision-making styles can assist managers in many ways except for which one of the following?

A

It increases the biases of the manager toward their favorite style

51
Q

Heuristics are strategies that _____ the process of making decisions

A

simplify

52
Q

In the _____ bias, managers use information readily available from memory to make judgments.

A

availability

53
Q

A manager who hires all applicants who have graduated from a certain college because a particularly good employee came from that same college is an example of _____

A

representativeness bias

54
Q

The _____ bias occurs when people seek data to support their point of view and disregard information that does not support it

A

confirmation

55
Q

You go to the movie theater to see the latest release by your favorite actor. You quickly realize the movie is not very good, but instead of walking out, you stay to watch the rest of the movie, figuring that you’ve already spent $9.50 for a movie ticket and $6 for popcorn. This is an example of the _____ bias.

A

sunk-cost

56
Q

The availability bias means that your manager may give more weight to your most recent work rather than everything you have done over the course of year.
(True or False)

A

True

57
Q

Tyler has never gotten along with his employee Marcus. Although Marcus has been a top performer during his three years with the company, Tyler tends to fixate on the one quarter when Marcus performed poorly. Tyler uses that quarter as an example of Marcus being a “poor fit” with the company. What type of bias is this an example of?

A

Confirmation

58
Q

Apex Enterprises spent a large amount of money to customize a pumping system it bought many years ago. A supplier is now offering a new pumping system that will save the company money in the long term. However, Apex decides to keep the older system because it has already spent so much money on the older system. What type of bias is this an example of?

A

Sunk-cost

59
Q

Sam gave employees a 5% raise last year and expects to give the same raise this year, even though it will push his company’s salaries above what is normally paid in the industry. This is an example of the _____ bias.

A

anchoring and adjustment

59
Q

You fall prey to the overconfidence bias when you _____ your knowledge or expertise in a decision situation.

A

overestimate

60
Q

Another term for hindsight bias?

A

The “I-knew-it-all-along” effect

61
Q

The tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them is referred to as the _____ bias

A

framing

62
Q

Samantha had never traveled to New York City before, but she had been on a recent business trip to Houston. When she learned that the hotel room she wanted in New York City cost $300 per night, she was shocked because she thought the hotel rooms would be priced similarly to those in Houston. This is an example of the _____ bias

A

anchoring and adjustment

63
Q

The _____ bias occurs when people’s positive feelings about their own decision-making ability is greater than their objective accuracy.

A

overconfidence

64
Q

The tendency of people to view events as being more predictable than they really are is referred to as _____ bias

A

Hindsight

65
Q

Bob was unsure how his boss was going to react to his proposal, so he was careful to put an upbeat “spin” on the situation to emphasize the positive aspects rather than the negative aspects. Bob’s method of presenting the situation demonstrates the _____ bias.

A

framing

66
Q

Ramona is bidding on an auction item against several other people. She knows the bid is already too high, but she doesn’t want to give up, so she continues bidding. This is an example of the _____ bias.

A

escalation of commitment

67
Q

Which type of bias is described by the tendency of decision makers to classify people or information based on observed or inferred characteristics?

A

Categorical thinking

68
Q

Overconfidence bias is the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them

A

False

69
Q

When decision makers increase their commitment to a project despite negative information about it, they are experiencing which type of bias?

A

Escalation of commitment

70
Q

Sam follows Fox News Channel on Facebook so she can occasionally see news from a viewpoint that contrasts with the posts on her regular Newsfeed. As a result, Facebook mislabels Sam as “conservative.” What is this an example of?

A

Categorical thinking bias

71
Q

When rivals are focused on winning an argument rather than the goal of a meeting and the topics of the meeting are not discussed, it is an example of _____

A

goal displacement

72
Q

Jai is a member of a tight-knit team at work that avoids any kind of disagreement. Team members, therefore, avoid considering new ideas. What behavior is Jai’s team exhibiting?

A

Groupthink

73
Q

“Throwing good money after bad” characterizes the _____ bias

A

escalation of commitment

74
Q
A
75
Q

A consensus is reached when all members are able to express their opinions _____

A

and reach agreement to support the final decision

76
Q

What are common results of groupthink?

A

Loss of new ideas & Failure to consider new information

77
Q

What are three characteristics that affect decision making by a group?

A

The knowledge of group members
The efficiency of the group
The size of the group

78
Q

What is an advantage of group decision making?

A

information accumulation

79
Q

Even though not everyone in the meeting agreed with the final decision, the group decided to proceed and replace all existing machine parts in the warehouse. In this situation, the group had _____

A

reached a consensus

80
Q

Michelle met with her five employees around a table and asked each of them to take five minutes to write down what they personally thought their new facility should include. She then collected the information and wrote it on the white board for all of them to view and decide upon. Michelle is using the _____ technique

A

brainstorming

81
Q

Electronic brainstorming, also called _____, is a technique used to help members of a group come together over a computer network to generate ideas and alternatives for solving problems.

A

brainwriting

82
Q

During meetings, Stacy likes to challenge new ideas, even those that she agrees with, in order to make sure that her team has considered every angle. What role is Stacy playing?

A

Devil’s advocate

83
Q

What is the name of a technique used to help groups generate multiple ideas for solving problems in which potential ideas or solutions are collected (sometimes anonymously) and written on a board or flip chart?

A

Brainstorming

84
Q

In the ______ method, groups engage in a structured debate between opposing positions (thesis and antithesis) with the aim of reaching a consensus.

A

dialectic

85
Q

Brainwriting is the process of brainstorming by using _____

A

a computer network

86
Q

After a major product launch, managers at McLaughlin Industries meet to evaluate outcomes and how those outcomes differ from what the group expected. This approach is part of which group problem-solving technique?

A

Project post-mortem

87
Q

The managers of Coastal Imports are having a meeting to decide whether the company should raise prices on its best-selling products. During the meeting, the team engages in a debate in which one side argues that the company should lower its prices while the other side argues in favor of raising them. Which problem-solving technique is the group using?

A

Dialectic method

88
Q

What is the best way to develop a ready-made solution?

A

Identify best practices and turn them into standard operating procedure

89
Q
A
90
Q
A
91
Q

In the devil’s advocacy technique, the group assigns one person to do which of the following?

A

Uncover all possible objections to a plan or an idea

92
Q

What is the recommended step you should take after making a decision?

A

Observe the results, then conduct a post-mortem

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