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Management & Supervision > Chapter 12: Motivating Employees > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Motivating Employees Flashcards

Achieving superior performance in the workplace

1
Q

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called _____

A

Motivation

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2
Q

Janeen’s boss is so pleased with her sales performance during the past quarter that he gives her a bonus. In terms of the model of motivation, the bonus represents a(n) _____

A

extrinsic reward

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3
Q

The satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as a(n) _____ reward

A

intrinsic

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4
Q

Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and _____

A

job design

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5
Q

What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?

A

McClelland’s acquired needs theory
Herzberg’s two-factor theory
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory

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6
Q

Raises and other monetary incentives are examples of _____ rewards

A

extrinsic

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7
Q

Brittani has worked long hours putting the finishing touches on a presentation to a major client, but she has a strong sense of self-satisfaction with her work and feels good about what she has accomplished. In terms of the model of motivation, this self-satisfaction would be categorized as a(n) _____

A

intrinsic reward

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8
Q

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called _____

A

needs

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9
Q

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called _____

A

motivation

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10
Q

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is _____ theory

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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11
Q

The satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as a(n) _____ reward

A

intrinsic

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12
Q

Hillary knows she needs a full-time job so she can buy groceries and clothing for her three children. Which level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs does this describe?

A

Physiological

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13
Q

The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people’s behavior in the workplace is called _____

A

McClelland’s acquired needs theory

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14
Q

What are the principal perspectives on motivation?

A

Job design
Reinforcement
Process
Content

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15
Q

What is important to Marie in the workplace is to be in charge and in a position of control over her co-workers. This reflects which of the following needs identified by McClelland’s acquired needs theory?

A

Power

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16
Q

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the _____ theory

A

self-determination

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17
Q

Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?

A

Herzberg’s two-factor theory

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18
Q

Which practices are managers encouraged to implement if they follow McClelland’s acquired needs theory?

A

Recognize achievement, affiliation, and power needs in both yourself and others.
Create work environments that help employees meet their needs for achievement, affiliation, and power.

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19
Q

What are the hygiene factors in Herzberg’s two-factor theory?

A

Working conditions
Salary

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20
Q

What are the needs identified by McClelland as the basis for motivation?

A

Need for affiliation
Need for power
Need for achievement

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21
Q

According to self-determination theory, people’s behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs?

A

Competence, autonomy and relatedness

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22
Q

A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company’s advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?

A

Two-factor theory

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23
Q

According to Herzberg’s two-factor theory, _____ are associated with job dissatisfaction

A

hygiene factors

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24
Q

John has a strong desire to perform difficult tasks well. He is motivated by personal standards of excellence. John has a high need for _____

A

achievement

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25
Q

Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives?

A

Expectancy theory
Equity theory
Goal-setting theory

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26
Q

Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve what?

A

Justice
Fairness

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27
Q

When analyzing the pay scale of her staff, Nanci saw that several equivalent positions in the department were paid at various rates. She felt that they needed to be balanced. Which aspect of equity theory is Nanci taking into consideration?

A

outcomes

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28
Q

According to equity theory, what would be characterized as inputs?

A

Training
Experience
Effort

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29
Q

Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?

A

Process perspectives

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30
Q

The model of motivation called equity theory is based on what idea?

A

Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance

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31
Q

According to equity theory, when people believe there is equity, they will _____

A

continue their current behavior

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32
Q

According to equity theory, which options are outcomes an organization provides?

A

praise
bonuses
pay

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33
Q

In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of _____

A

inputs

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34
Q

What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?

A

Organizational justice

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35
Q

In equity theory, people compare their _____

A

ratio of inputs and outputs to the ratio of others in similar jobs

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36
Q

What are the stages of Victor Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation?

A

Performance to outcomes
Effort to performance

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37
Q

What types of justice are the components of organizational justice?

A

Interactional
Procedural
Distributive

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38
Q

What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory?

A

Specific
Challenging
Achievable

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39
Q

How does goal setting motivate employees?

A

Fostering employee use of action plans
Directing employee attention
Increasing employee persistence
Regulating employee efforts

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40
Q

What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?

A

Expectancy

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41
Q

Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job:

A

design

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42
Q

Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?

A

Goal-setting theory

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43
Q

Marie has been given a goal to sell five cars by the end of the weekend. During the workday, she approaches every potential customer and makes an effort to engage with them and make a sale. When customers seem unsure about buying a car, she points out the car’s best features and talks about the great deal she can give the customers if they buy. Marie is demonstrating what motivational mechanism of goal setting?

A

Goals increase your persistence

44
Q

Scientific _____ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.

A

Management

45
Q

A goal that goes beyond what a person is actually expected to achieve is a _____ goal

A

stretch

46
Q

What is the modern way of designing jobs?

A

Fitting jobs to people

47
Q

The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas?

A

Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety.
Employees are underutilized.

48
Q

What does the technique called scientific management seek to do?

A

Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs
Raise employee productivity
Increase employee efficiency

49
Q

Stretch goals increase willingness to take risks. (True or False)

A

True

50
Q

What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people?

A

Job enrichment
Job enlargement

51
Q

Jasmine previously handled only accounts payable, but she now handles accounts receivable as well. This is an example of job _____

A

enlargement

52
Q

To increase variety and motivate workers, Grant Industries increases the number of tasks in each job on the assembly line. This practice is known as job _____

A

enlargement

53
Q

What are core job characteristics in the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model?

A

Autonomy
Skill variety
Task significance
Feedback

54
Q

According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as _____

A

skill variety

55
Q

What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham’s job characteristics model?

A

Work outcomes
Core job characteristics
Psychological states

56
Q

Which core job characteristic describes the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all of the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end?

A

Task identity

57
Q

Which core job characteristic refers to the degree to which the individual perceives that the job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside of the organization?

A

Task significance

58
Q

A college professor who is required by the department chair to use a certain textbook and has no input into the number or types of assignments given to the class would likely have low _____

A

autonomy

59
Q

What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?

A

Skill variety

60
Q

Jakob thought he would enjoy his job as a web designer, but it turns out that he is responsible only for updating web pages and not for creating them, too. According to the jobs characteristics model, Jakob has low _____

A

task identity

61
Q

Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the senior citizen center, Marc answered, “I make a difference every day to the lives of elderly people in our community.” This is an example of which element of the job characteristics model?

A

Task significance

62
Q

Jobs with high _____ allow workers to set their own schedules and decide how to perform the necessary tasks.

A

autonomy

63
Q

Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want _____

A

personal and psychological development

64
Q

“Consequences influence behavior” best describes which theory of motivation?

A

Reinforcement theory

65
Q

What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model?

A

Meaningfulness of work
Knowledge of actual results of the work
Responsibility for work outcomes

66
Q

The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior _____

A

modification

67
Q

Your professor awards five bonus points for coming to class on time. This is an example of _____

A

positive reinforcement

68
Q

Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as _____

A

reinforcement

69
Q

According to reinforcement theory, turning in your monthly expense report on time so that your supervisor will not nag you for it is an example of _____

A

negative reinforcement

70
Q

When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should _____

A

give rewards as soon as possible

71
Q

To encourage Mikayla to help around the house, her mother offers to pay her $1 each time she makes her bed in the morning and puts her laundry in the hamper. This is an example of _____

A

positive reinforcement

72
Q

“I’ll take out the garbage,” Jan tells her husband. “Just stop bugging me about it.” This situation exemplifies _____

A

negative reinforcement

73
Q

According to the 2019 Jobvite survey of 1,500 Americans, which is the most important motivating criteria to job seekers?

A

Career growth opportunities

74
Q

The goal of an incentive compensation plan is to _____

A

motivate employees to work harder for more money

75
Q

Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement?

A

Be clear about what behavior is desired.
Give rewards as soon as possible.

76
Q

A manager tells his employee, “If you exceed your sales quota, I will give you a bonus.” In reinforcement theory, this is an example of _____

A

positive reinforcement

77
Q

To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be _____

A

measurable

78
Q

Which types of reinforcement are intended to weaken a behavior?

A

Extinction
Punishment

79
Q

Money is the best motivator. (True or False)

A

False

80
Q

No one plan will boost the performance of all employees. (True or False)

A

True

81
Q

Pay for performance, basing pay on one’s results, is also known as _____ pay.

A

merit

82
Q

What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans?

A

They are agreed on by both employees and managers.
They link rewards to performance.

83
Q

Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?

A

Piece rate

84
Q

Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales _____ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.

A

commission

85
Q

Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and other rewards. (True or False)

A

True

86
Q

Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called _____

A

bonuses

87
Q

A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as _____

A

piece rate

88
Q

Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a _____

A

sales commission

89
Q

The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company’s profits is known as _____

A

profit sharing

90
Q

Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a _____

A

bonus program

91
Q

With _____, certain employees are given the right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price.

A

stock options

92
Q

What are three types of learning opportunities?

A

Tuition reimbursement
Studying co-workers
Learning and development

93
Q

What type of incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the company’s profits to employees?

A

Profit sharing

94
Q

According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the combined effect of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement constitutes _____

A

well-being

95
Q

Patrick’s company allows employees to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price. This is referred to as a stock _____

A

option

96
Q

How does self-motivation fit into the career readiness model?

A

It is an attitude.

97
Q

The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as _____

A

human capital

98
Q

What is the first step in developing career readiness?

A

Identify your most important long-term goal

99
Q

Why should you break your most important long-term goal into many short-term goals?

A

You are more likely to achieve a long-term goal if you break it down into smaller goals.

100
Q

After breaking your long-term goal into several short-term goals, what is the next step in developing career readiness?

A

Create a to-do list for accomplishing short-term goals.

101
Q

When prioritizing the tasks you need to complete to reach your career goals, you should _____

A

order them from low importance to high importance

102
Q

What characteristics should your long-term goal have?

A

Results-oriented
Attainable
Measurable

103
Q

What are the three tips for recharging yourself as part of your self-motivation approach?

A

Accept kindness
Figure out how you can best recharge
Relax mentally and physically

104
Q

After you identify a long-term goal, what is the second step in developing career readiness?

A

Break your long-term goal into several short-term goals.

105
Q

Your to-do list for achieving short-term goals should identify the _____

A

daily tasks you need to complete

106
Q

After the creation of a “to-do” list for accomplishing short-term goals, what is the next step in developing career readiness?

A

Prioritize the tasks you need to complete to reach your goal.

107
Q

Research showing that 76% of workers are burned out “sometimes,” “often,” or “always” suggests that workers are neglecting what?

A

recharging each day

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