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Management & Supervision > Chapter 11: Managing Individual Differences and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Managing Individual Differences and Behavior Flashcards

Supervising people as people

1
Q

The stable behavioral and psychological characteristics responsible for a person’s identity are known as _____

A

personality

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2
Q

The personality dimensions of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience are referred to as _____

A

the Big Five personality dimensions

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3
Q

Everyone in the office considers Halle a good-natured person. She trusts the people she works with and cooperates on group projects. What personality dimension does Halle display?

A

Agreeableness

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4
Q

Which traits are elements of an individual’s core self-evaluation?

A

Locus of control
Self-esteem
Emotional stability
Self-efficacy

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5
Q

What is the term for the way individuals perceive their ability to perform across a variety of different situations?

A

Generalized self-efficacy

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6
Q

Identify what constitute the combination of traits, which result from the interaction of genes and environment.

A

personality

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7
Q

Self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability are traits that make up an individual’s _____

A

core self-evaluation

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8
Q

People with high rates of self-efficacy, including generalized self-efficacy, tend to have what characteristics?

A

High job performance
Higher rates of motivation

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9
Q

Which actions should managers take when employees exhibit low self-efficacy?

A

Nurture self-efficacy by giving constructive pointers and positive feedback
Reward small successes

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10
Q

People in the office can always count on Tyrone to get the job done. He’s methodical, detail-oriented and his work is always completed on time. Which of the Big Five personality dimensions would this illustrate?

A

Conscientiousness

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11
Q

The debilitating lack of faith in your ability to control your environment is referred to as _____

A

learned helplessness

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12
Q

Self-_____ is the extent to which people like or dislike themselves.

A

esteem

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13
Q

What methods can managers use to boost the self-esteem of their employees?

A

Acknowledge the positive abilities of employees
Frequently give positive feedback
Provide guidance when employees encounter difficulty

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14
Q

Trevor likes to work on assignments in his own way. He feels that it is up to him to handle problems and take responsibility for the outcome, whether things go right or wrong. Which aspect of a core self-evaluation does Trevor demonstrate?

A

Locus of control

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15
Q

Managers of employees with low self-efficacy can overcome this issue by lowering their expectations and assigning such employees to part-time jobs.
(True or False)

A

False

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16
Q

Learned helplessness is associated with which facet of a core self-evaluation?

A

Self-efficacy

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17
Q

What are the two main ideas managers must remember from research on locus of control?

A

Internals and externals prefer different levels of structure and compliance.
Internals and externals respond to different types of rewards.

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18
Q

What would a manager increase by providing positive feedback and reinforcing positive attributes of employees?

A

Employee self-esteem

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19
Q

The extent to which people believe that they control their fate through their own efforts is called _____

A

locus of control

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20
Q

They don’t call Ed “Steady Eddy” for no reason. He is unfailingly calm, even under pressure or stress. It would appear that Ed has a high level of _____

A

emotional stability

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21
Q

How should you deal with an employee who has an internal locus of control?

A

Use a merit pay system

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22
Q

According to psychologist Daniel Goleman, what is the most essential trait of emotional intelligence?

A

Self-awareness

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23
Q

The extent to which a person is relatively secure and unworried and how likely she or he is to experience negative emotions under pressure is known as _____

A

emotional stability

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24
Q

The ability to monitor your own feelings and those of others and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions is referred to as _____

A

emotional intelligence

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25
Q

Jordan realized that his bad mood was causing other people in his work group to feel negatively about the project. Which aspect of emotional intelligence is Jordan displaying?

A

Self-awareness

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26
Q

An aspect of emotional intelligence that involves the ability to control one’s emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways is called _____

A

self-management

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27
Q

What interdisciplinary field is dedicated to understanding and management of people at work?

A

Organizational behavior

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28
Q

Jessica believes she should be concerned for the welfare of others. This belief is an example of a _____

A

value

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29
Q

Self-_____ is the ability to read your own emotions and accurately assess your moods so that you know how you are affecting others.

A

awareness

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30
Q

Jeanine’s motto is “Check your bad mood at the office door.” Even if she’s tired or upset, she makes an effort every day to control her emotions in the workplace. This is an example of which component of emotional intelligence?

A

Self-management

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31
Q

Organizational behavior is a field of study that explains and _____ behavior.

A

predicts

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32
Q

Abstract ideals that guide a person’s thinking and behavior in all situations are called _____

A

values

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33
Q

A learned predisposition toward a given object is a(n) _____

A

attitude

34
Q

People’s values and attitudes affect their workplace _____, which includes their actions and judgments.

A

behavior

35
Q

Travis asked his mother if he should look for a new job because he wasn’t happy in his current one. She told him it probably wouldn’t matter because he was never happy with any job. His mother was commenting on Travis’s _____

A

attitude

36
Q

The tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics you believe are typical of the group to which that individual belongs is known as _____

A

stereotyping

37
Q

Behavior is defined as the combination of which two elements?

A

Judgments
Actions

38
Q

The process of interpreting and understanding one’s environment is called _____

A

perception

39
Q

What is the term for the attitudes or beliefs that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner?

A

Implicit bias

40
Q

Forming a positive impression of an individual based on a single trait is called _____

A

halo effect

41
Q

Karen was surprised when her friend said that the man at the first table in the restaurant must be a great basketball player just because he was tall and African American. Karen’s friend was making a:

A

stereotype

42
Q

Kayla has made her sales quota every month during the past year except for last month. When her boss conducts her performance appraisal, he focuses on this factor, rather than looking at her sales performance during the previous 11 months. This is an example of _____

A

the recency effect

43
Q

Name the perceptual process in order

A

Selective attention
Interpretation and evaluation
Storing in memory
Retrieving from memory to make judgements and decisions

44
Q

Implicit bias is characterized by the _____

A

attitudes and beliefs that we unconsciously hold about groups of people

45
Q

Darren is interviewing for a new administrative assistant. The three people he interviewed include an older woman, a man in a wheelchair, and a recent college graduate with beautiful blond hair. Darren knew just by looking at each candidate which one he would hire. His impression of each person was based on a single trait. This is known as _____

A

the halo effect

46
Q

The _____ effect is the tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information.

A

recency

47
Q

Causal attribution is the act of _____

A

inferring causes for observed behavior

48
Q

Paulina believed that the new hires in her department were lazy for failing to make use of the company’s expert software system, but the new hires had not been adequately trained to make use of the system. This is an example of _____

A

fundamental attribution bias

49
Q

John has been interviewing job applicants all day. Finally he hires one of the last people he interviewed. He has forgotten important information about a better applicant who spoke to him earlier in the day. He is experiencing _____

A

the recency effect

50
Q

What is the term for taking more personal responsibility for success than for failure?

A

Self-serving bias

51
Q

The activity of inferring causes for observed behavior is known as causal _____

A

attribution

52
Q

Liam knew that everyone else thought he was lazy and incompetent, so rather than tell his work team about an idea, he just let them do all of the work. As a result, his coworkers continued to feel he was lazy and incompetent. What does Liam’s behavior demonstrate?

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

53
Q

In the fundamental attribution bias, a person attributes the behavior of another person to _____

A

personal characteristics

54
Q

Causal attribution is the act of _____

A

inferring causes for observed behavior

55
Q

_____ occurs when people’s expectations of themselves lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true.

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

56
Q

Jenna loves her job. She is known as the “cheerleader” of the department because she is enthusiastic about every project and highly focused. Jenna displays employee _____

A

engagement

57
Q

People who feel greater job satisfaction are also likely to experience greater _____

A

motivation
life satisfaction
commitment to the organization

58
Q

_____ is defined as an individual’s involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work.

A

Employee engagement

59
Q

Research shows that a positive relationship exists between organizational commitment and:

A

performance.
turnover.
job satisfaction.

60
Q

The extent to which you feel positive or negative about various aspects of your work is called job _____

A

satisfaction

61
Q

Why is it important to manage employees as individuals who have different personalities and circumstances?

A

To influence the way employees behave

62
Q

Causal attribution is the act of _____

A

inferring causes for observed behavior

63
Q

Employees who frequently praise their co-workers, show up for work on time, offer helpful suggestions, and take good care of the company’s equipment are demonstrating organizational _____

A

citizenship

64
Q

What is organizational commitment?

A

The extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals

65
Q

Rob’s employee has been coming back from lunch drunk and performing poorly as a result. This employee is displaying a _____ work behavior.

A

counterproductive

66
Q

What are the types of employee behavior that managers can influence?

A

Organizational citizenship behavior
Performance and productivity
Turnover and absenteeism
Counterproductive work behaviors

67
Q

Kerri Ann feels very tense at work these days. Three people in her department quit, and it is up to her to complete her own work plus all of the work they would have done. She is anxious and often responds rudely when her manager speaks with her about a project. Kerri Ann is experiencing _____

A

stress

68
Q

_____ is characterized by value-adding behaviors such as making constructive statements about the department, taking a personal interest in the work of others, making suggestions for improvements, and mentoring new employees.

A

Organizational citizenship

69
Q

_____ are types of behaviors that harm employees and the organization as a whole, such as absenteeism, tardiness, drug and alcohol abuse, sexual harassment, theft, and white-collar crime.

A

Counterproductive work behaviors

70
Q

Stress is the feeling of tension and pressure; the source of that stress is known as a(n) _____

A

stressor

71
Q

High-level jobs are often less stressful than low-level jobs because people with low-level jobs have less control over their lives. (True or False)

A

True

72
Q

Sets of behaviors that are expected of occupants of a specific position are called _____

A

roles

73
Q

Laura talks fast, walks fast, eats fast, and is in a constant rush to accomplish everything she thinks she needs to do. What BEST describes Laura’s behavior?

A

Type A behavior pattern

74
Q

When the demands or pressures from work and family domains are mutually incompatible, a person is experiencing _____-family conflict.

A

work

75
Q

Administrative changes that managers can make to reduce the stressors that lead to employee burnout are called _____

A

buffers

76
Q

To better help employees cope with family and workplace demands, Suzette’s employer has a comprehensive program that includes counseling on family matters, financial problems, and drug and alcohol abuse. This is BEST described as a(n) _____ program.

A

employee assistance

77
Q

A _____ is a socially determined expectation of how an individual should behave in a specific position; i.e., a set of behaviors that people expect of occupants of a position.

A

role

78
Q

Martha is experiencing considerable stress because her job requires her to work on the weekend, but her husband complains that she doesn’t spend enough time with him and the children. This is an example of role _____

A

conflict

79
Q

The retail store where David works always adds extra staff during the busy holiday season and summer months. Managers know that this additional staff will relieve some of the stress year-round employees feel. The addition of the extra staff is an example of a _____

A

buffer

80
Q

Employee assistance programs are aimed at helping employees cope with a variety of problems that negatively influence job performance. (True or False)

A

True

81
Q

What is the willingness to accept constructive criticism, try and propose new ideas, and maintain a good attitude called?

A

Positive approach

82
Q

The ability to control your emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways is called what?

A

Self-management

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