Chapter 7 - Deviance and Crime

Question 1

What is Deviance?

Answer 1

Deviance occurs when
a norm is violated, and others
define the violation as deviance.

Question 2

What is informal punishment?

Answer 2

Informal punishment is mild and might include raised eyebrows, gossip, ostracism, shaming, or stigmatization

Question 3

Who are the informal agents of social control?

Answer 3

Parents, friends, teammates, peers

Question 4

What is formal punishment?

Answer 4

occurs when people are penalized for breaking laws

Question 5

Who are the formal agents of social control?

Answer 5

Doctors, Judges, Teachers

Question 6

What are the three main criteria that vary crime and deviance?

Answer 6

The severity of social response, perceived harmfulness and degree of public agreement

Question 7

What are social diversions?

Answer 7

Minor acts of deviance. One example is participating in fads and
fashions, such as dyeing your hair purple. People usually perceive such acts as harmless.

Question 8

What are social deviations?

Answer 8

These are more severe acts. Because large numbers of people agree that
these acts are deviant and, in some ways, harmful; social deviations are usually subject to institutional sanction.

Question 9

What is conflict crime?

Answer 9

Are deviant acts that the state defines as illegal but whose definition is controversial in the broader society.

Question 10

What is consensus crime?

Answer 10

Widely recognized to be bad in themselves

Question 11

What is stigmatization?

Answer 11

Occurs when a person is negatively evaluated because of a marker that distinguishes them from others, and that is labelled as socially unacceptable.

Question 12

What are subjective positions?

Answer 12

View deviance as a social construction and study it from the actors point of view.

Question 13

What are objective positions?

Answer 13

Study deviance in terms of its macro-level impact on society and see deviance as norm violation, something inherent in an individual, or the result of strain embedded in social conditions.

Question 14

What did Social interactionists believe?

Answer 14

Believe that social reaction to an individual will produce deviance.

Question 15

Who was Howard Becker?

Answer 15

Social interactionalist established the theory that the process of becoming a career deviant is a learning process that occurs in a social context.

Question 16

Who was Edwin Sutherland?

Answer 16

Social interactionalist suggest that if you are exposed to more definitions in favour of law violations, you are more likely to become deviant. If you are exposed to more definitions in favour of conformity and conforming behaviour, you are more likely to conform.

Question 17

What did functionalists believe?

Answer 17

Focused on Macro Level Impacts of Deviance

Question 18

Who was Emile Durkheim?

Answer 18

Functionalist, believed that deviance was a natural and normal phenomenon,
and that it was a necessary part of society, therefore believing that deviance could be both positive and negative

Question 19

Who was Robert Merton?

Answer 19

Creator of Strain theory and modes of adaptation

Question 20

What are the modes of adaptation?

Answer 20

Modes of Adaptation:

				Goals		Means Conformity		           +			   + Innovation			   +			    - Ritualism			    -			   + Retreatism			    -			   - Rebellion			  +/-		          +/-

Question 21

What did conflict theorists believe?

Answer 21

Emphasize the connection between power and crime and how power is used to maintain and perpetuate privilege.

Question 22

What is control theory?

Answer 22

The idea that most of us would engage in deviant behaviour if we thought we would get away with it.

Question 23

Who was Travis Hirschi?

Answer 23

Established Social Bond theory (which is a Control Theory). This theory suggests that if young people are firmly bonded to 4 fundamental aspects of
social life, they are far less likely to engage in deviant behaviour.

1) significant/reference others
2) career aspirations
3) conventional activities
4) beliefs/norms of society

Question 24

What did feminist theory focus on?

Answer 24

The consequences of power differences in terms of gender

Question 25

T or F: It is only in recent history that authorities in Canada and around the world have taken crime against women seriously, primarily in the areas of sexual assault, rape, harassment, and, as we learned last week, murder

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What is social control?

Answer 26

Refers to the ways in which a social system attempts to regulate people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance, and behaviour.

Question 27

What are the two types of social control?

Answer 27

Internal/external

Question 28

What is internal social control?

Answer 28

regulates people through socializiation

Question 29

What is external social control?

Answer 29

regulates people by imposing punishments and offering rewards

Question 30

What are post-industrial societies characterized by?

Answer 30

surveillance

Question 31

What is the Panopticon

Answer 31

An all seeing place, was used as a metaphor for surveillance by Michele Foucault

Question 32

What is moral panic?

Answer 32

An extreme over response that occurs when many people believe that some form of deviance poses a profound threat to our well-being

Question 33

What are some alternative strategies to high crime?

Answer 33

rehabilitation, decriminalization

Question 34

What is criminalization?

Answer 34

the process of turning an activity or behaviour illegal by those who have the power to pass laws

Question 35

What is Decriminalization?

Answer 35

It is a policy that makes (in this case) substance use (not production or sale) legal.

Question 36

How do Canadians view prisons?

Answer 36

1. Means of detterence
2. Institutions of revenge
3. Incapacitation

Question 37

What are recidivism rates?

Answer 37

Refers to the number of relapse cases within a specific population.