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Pharmacology > Chapter 7 - Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is a syncytium?

A

an interconnected mass formed from cardiac cells, intercalated disks, and a fusion of cell membranes.

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2
Q

what happens during depolarization?

A

rapid influx of sodium, slower influx of calcium, outflow of potassium.

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3
Q

What is the importance of a long refractory period?

A

prevents a constant state of contraction for cardiac cells.

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4
Q

What are chronotropic and inotropic effects in the heart?

A

Chronotropic - rate of contraction, inotropic - force/strength of contraction.

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5
Q

what is preload vs afterload?

A

preload - volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole (amount of blood that must be pumped out)
afterload - resistance in the arteries that the ventricle must overcome to pump blood.

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6
Q

What are the four basic compensatory mechanisms of the cardio system?

A
  1. increase heartrate
  2. increase stroke volume
  3. increase efficiency of heart muscle.
  4. heart enlargement.
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7
Q

5 objectives of treatment for heart failure

A
  1. control rhythm disturbances
  2. maintain or increase cardiac output
  3. relieve fluid accumulations
  4. increase oxygenation of blood.
  5. provide oxygen/sedatives.
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8
Q

4 beneficial effects and one potential toxic effect of glycosides.

A

beneficial:

  1. improved cardiac contracility
  2. decreased heart rate
  3. antiarrhythmic effect
  4. decreased signs of dyspnea

Toxic: vomiting

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9
Q

catecholamines (ie epinephrine) are used primarily for:

A

stimulation of cardiac contraction during arrest.

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10
Q

five risk factors for arrhythmias:

A
  1. conditions that cause hypoxia.
  2. electrolye imbalances
  3. increased levels or sensitivity to catecholamines
  4. certain drugs such as digitalis and barbiturates
  5. cardiac trauma or disease.
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11
Q

6 categories of antiarrhythmic drugs and an example of each

A
  1. class 1A (ie quinidine)
  2. class 1B (ie lidocaine)
  3. class 1C (Ie flecainide)
  4. Class 2 (ie propranolol)
  5. Class 3 (ie Bretylium)
  6. Class 4 (ie diltiazem)
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12
Q

List 4 vasodilator drugs and classify each as arteriolar dilator, venodilator, or both.

A
  1. hydralazine - arteriolar
  2. nitroglycerin - venodilator
  3. prazosin - combined
  4. enalapril - combined
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13
Q

Why is lasix sometimes called a loop diuretic?

A

It inhibits reabsorption of sodium in the loops of henle

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14
Q

What is the risk of using many diuretics?

A

A dangerous loss of potassium

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15
Q

5 ancillary methods of treatment for cardio disease

A
  1. Bronchodilation
  2. Oxygen therapy
  3. Sedation
  4. Aspiration
  5. Centesis
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16
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood that the heart is capable of pumping per minute.

17
Q

____ is when the pumping ability of the heart is impaired to where sodium and water are retained in an effort to compensate for inadequate cardiac output

A

Congestive heart failure.

18
Q

ACE causes conversion of _____ to ____

A

Angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

19
Q

What 5 precautions should be taken when applying nitroglycerin?

A
  • wear gloves
  • rotate application sites
  • do not pet at application site
  • measure dosage in inches
  • contact vet if rash appears
20
Q

What diuretic is used most commonly to treat heart failure?

A

Lasix

21
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Abnormally low potassium in blood

22
Q

What are the primary goals of the dietary management of heart disease?

A

1) sodium restriction

2) maintenance of good body condition

23
Q

3 effects of administration of catecholamines

A

1) increased force of contraction
2) increase in blood pressure
3) elevated blood glucose levels

24
Q

____ is a faster-than-normal heart rate

A

Tachycardia

25
Q

what occurs due to abnormalities of the conduction system?

A

arrhythmia

26
Q

what are 3 things associated with congestive heart failure?

A

exercise intolerance, pulmonary edema, ascites.

27
Q

What kind of drug is digitalis?

A

cardiac glycoside

28
Q

Quinidine doses must be ___ in patients being treated with digoxin.

A

Decreased

29
Q

concurrent use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatories may ___ the effectiveness of captopril

A

Decrease

30
Q

What is one potential side effect of furosemide?

A

Hypokalemia

Pharmacology (19 decks)

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