Chapter 4 - Nervous System Drugs Flashcards
What is the difference between an agonist and an opioid antagonist
Agonist- combines with a receptor to bring about an action.
Antagonist - combines with a receptor to block an action
Define neurotransmitter
Chemical substance released by a nerve ending at the synapse. Stimulates, inhibits or changes activity on adjacent neuron.
Which area of the brain relays info from spinal cord and brainstem to the cerebrum?
Thalamus
What do CNS drugs do to neurotransmitters?
Interrupt generation or conduction of nerve impulses and interfere with neurotransmitters
The (2) primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Four primary ways in which drugs affect the ANS
- Mimic neurotransmitters
- Interfere with neurotransmitter release
- Block attachment of neurotransmitter to receptor
- Interfere with breakdown of neurotransmitters
Five uses of cholinergic agents.
- Control vomiting
- Treat urinary retention.
- Stimulate GI activity
- Treat glaucoma
- Aid in diagnosis of myasthenia Gravis
What drug class includes atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate and aminopentamide?
Cholinergic blocking agents (or anticholinergic)
What drug category treats cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock?
Adrenergic (is sympathomimetic)
Propranolol falls under what category of drug?
Beta blocker
What are some adverse side effects of xylazine, and what drug may be used to antagonize its effects?
- Bradycardia and hypotension
2. Yohimbine
Why is thiobarbiturate use a concern in thin dogs?
Fat soluble; more drug will remain in bloodstream of thin dogs. May cause cns depression.
What are some characteristics of a cat on ketamine?
Analgesia Increased muscle tone Maintenance of pharyngeal reflexes Muscle tremors Loss of blink reflex
Signs of narcotic overdose
Respiratory depression Cardiac depression Agitation Excitement Seizures
List two narcotic antagonists
Naloxone and nalorphine
Why not mix glyceryl guaiacolate until just before use?
Precipitates out of the solution when stored.
What drug and by what route can be used on a puppy not breathing adequately?
Doxapram (dopram) on or under the tongue, into umbilical vein or IM
What activity in the brain is altered by psychotherapy drugs?
Neurotransmitter activity
Dissociative agents (ketamine, tiletamine) may cause what at the injection site?
Burning
An anesthetic known for short duration and white color
Propofol
Inhibitory transmitter widely distributed in the brain
GABA
A benzodiazepine used for anti-anxiety and appetite stimulant in cats
Diazepam
A tricyclic antidepressant for separation anxiety in dogs
Clomicalm
Treats dementia in old dogs
Anipryl
Which system works slowly by sending chemical messengers through the bloodstream to target structures?
Endocrine
Which nervous system is under voluntary control?
Somatic
What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
Axons carry messages _____ the nerve cell, where dendritic carry them _____.
Axons - away
Dendrites- toward.
The ANS controls what kinds of body activities?
Unconscious
What is the neurotransmktt3r for cholinergic sites?
Acetylcholine
What are the effects of epinephrine?
Increase in metabolism and heart rate
Constriction of blood vessels
Xylazine is antagonized by ___
Yohimbine
What are some examples of benzodiazepines?
Diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam.
