Chapter 15 - fluid therapy Flashcards
Hyperkalemia
excess of potassium in the blood
intravascular fluid (plasma) makes up approx ___ of body weight
5%
explain the concept of a balanced solution for fluid therapy
a fluid solution is balanced if it resembles extracellular fluid in composition.
What are the three units of measurement used for quantifying electrolytes in fluids?
- mEq/L
- mOsm/L
3, g/100mL
therapeutic fluids with an osmolality of approx ___ mOsm/L are isotonic
300
give examples of sensible and insensible fluid losses
sensible - urine losses (and fecal in research settings since they can be measured)
insensible - fecal, sweat, respiratory
underestimating the degree of dehydration is sometimes a problem in ___ animals
obese
one pound of fluid is equivalent to ___ mL, and 1kg is equivalent to ____mL
500, 1000
What is the amount of fluids needed per day for maintenance?
20-30ml/lb/day
How do you calculate the amount of fluids needed for a dehydrated animal?
fluids = amount lost from dehydration + maintenance amount + ongoing losses.
How do you measure amount of fluid lost to dehydration?
body weight (kg) * %dehydration = liters of fluid lost.
How is drip rate calculated to deliver fluids over a 24 hour period using a standard administration set?
- standard = 15drops/ml
the equation is: (Total number of milliliters to infuse)/(time to infuse in minutes) × (drips/ml of dropper set)
what are the rapid administration doses for fluids in dogs and cats with shock?
cats - 20-30ml/lb/hr
dogs - 40 ml/lb/hr
What are the 7 steps for setting up an animal to receive fluids?
- check the bag to ensure that the solution is clear.
- inspect insertion port to be sure it is covered, then remove cover, careful not to contaminate the port.
- close flow clamp on administration set and remove cover from spike.
- wipe port with alcohol swab and insert spike into insertion port.
- hang bag and fill administration set line, clearing bubbles.
- close flow clamp and attach line adapter into IV catheter using sterile technique.
- open flow clamp and adjust flow rate.
what is dextrose 5% in water?
a nonbalanced solution that contains dextrose (50g/L) and water.
How would you prepare 500mL of 5% dextrose from a 50% stock solution?
50ml from a bottle of 50% dextrose and add to 450ml of water.
what is the purpose of lactate in lactated ringer’s solution?
added to help correct acidosis; converted to bicarbonate (alkaline) by the liver.
What is the use of an esophageal feeder?
provides oral electrolytes to neonatal calves.
consists of a tube with a hollow ball on the end, attached to a heavy plastic bag where the electrolytes are placed. the ball on the end prevents entry into the trachea.
what type of fluid should not be given subq?
Hypertonic
What is one example of a balanced solution and one of an unbalanced solution?
balanced - LRS
unbalanced - saline
___ is a determination of the osmotic pressure of a solution based on the relative number of solute particles in 1kg of the solution
osmolality
The osmolality of dog and cat serum is approximately ___ mOsm/L
300
Commercial fluids with an osmolality of 300 mOsm/L are ___
isotonic
How often should IV catheters be flushed?
every 8 to 12 hours.
How long can an IV catheter remain in place before it is replaced?
96 hours (4 days)
What precaution should be observed when fluids are administered subq?
avoid hypertonic or irritating solutions, and avoid placing so much fluid at one site that the skin is dissected from blood supply, causing a slough of tissue.
What fluid can be used to bathe tissues during surgery to prevent them from drying out?
Saline (0.9% sodium chloride)
any product that contains ____ should be given by slow IV administration to prevent cardiac complications.
calcium
Water represents ___ to ___ percent of total body weight in adult animals
50-70%
Hyperkalemia is an excess of ___ in the blood
K ( potassium)
___ is decreased body pH caused by excess hydrogen ions in extracellular fluid
metabolic acidosis
electrolytes with a positive charge are known as ____
Cations
What are some signs of dehydration?
dry MMs, reduced jugular distention (especially in horses), tachycardia.
solutions containing electrolyte and nonelectrolyte substances; capable of passing through cell membranes and can enter all body fluid compartments.
Crystalloids
What are 3 characteristics of physiologic saline?
- it is also called normal saline
- it is also called isotonic saline
- it is used to correct a sodium deficiency.
What are 3 characteristics of colloids?
- they contain large molecular weight particles that are unable to cross cell membranes.
- they affect osmoles.
- they can hold fluid in the vascular space.
Scours describes diarrhea in what species?
bovines
vitamin A is converted from plant substances (carotenoids) in the intestine and liver and is stored primarily in the ____
liver
