Chapter 14 - pain and inflammation drugs

Question 1

pain sensation arises in free nerve endings called

Answer 1

nociceptors

Question 2

list some signs associated with pain in animals

Answer 2

increased heart rate, increase respirations, vocalization, guarding the painful site, salivation, failure to groom, unresponsiveness, abnormal gait or stance, rolling.

Question 3

NSAIDS that inhibit ___ are thought to produce fewer GI side effects

Answer 3

COX-2

Question 4

most common side effect of NSAIDS

Answer 4

GI ulceration and/or bleeding.

Question 5

why are cats susceptible to asprin overdose?

Answer 5

they metabolize it very slowly.

Question 6

what functions do mineralocorticoids serve in the body?

Answer 6

regulate electrolyte and water balance in the body.

Question 7

what principles should be followed in corticosteroid therapy?

Answer 7

1. alternate-day dosing to prevent iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism
2. taper administration off gradually
3. large doses may be used in emergencies
4. avoid when treating corneal ulcers
5. use aseptic technique when injecting into joints.

Question 8

Iatrogenic

Answer 8

caused by the doctor

Question 9

what are the side effects of short-term and long-term corticosteroid use?

Answer 9

short-term: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, delayed healing.
long-term: thinning of skin, gastric ulcers, osteoporosis, iatrogenic Cushings disease.

Question 10

what is the mechanism of action of local anesthetic agents?

Answer 10

prevent generation and conduction of nerve impulses by peripheral nerves.

Question 11

what are some indications for use of local anesthetics?

Answer 11

infiltrate into local areas for suturing; nerve blocks for lameness examination; antiarrhythmic effects; topical use.

Question 12

the body can produce its own opiate-like analgesic agents called ____

Answer 12

endorphins

Question 13

a substance that can initiate a fever is called a(n)___

Answer 13

pyrogen

Question 14

___ is also known as acetylsalicylic acid

Answer 14

asprin

Question 15

___ is a pyrazolone derivative

Answer 15

Phenylbutazone

Question 16

flunixin meglumine is a(n) ____

Answer 16

NSAID

Question 17

DMSO causes ___ when applied topically

Answer 17

vasodilation

Question 18

___ is considered (even today) to be one of the most effective opioid

Answer 18

morphine

Question 19

___ is a major chemical mediator of the allergic response

Answer 19

histamine

Question 20

some common types of corticosteroids

Answer 20

dexamethasone, predef, vetalog.

Question 21

what are the four steps involved in the production of pain sensation

Answer 21

1. transduction
2. transmission
3. modulation
4. perception

Question 22

define windup as it applies to pain production

Answer 22

central sensitization/hyperalgesia due to repeated stimulation of neurons of the spinothalamic tract

Question 23

pain resulting from tissue injury is called ____ pain

Answer 23

pathologic

Question 24

pain from abdominal or thoracic organs is ____ pain

Answer 24

visceral

Question 25

what class of drugs would alter pain recognition and perception

Answer 25

opioids

Question 26

pain control that utilizes a combination of drugs acting at different sites in the pain production pathways is called ____ therapy

Answer 26

multimodal