Chapter 1 - General Pharmacology Flashcards
Define agonist
A drug that stimulates a receptor to action
Define efficacy
The degree to which a drug produces its desired effects.
Define receptor
A group of specialized molecules on or in a cell that bind with a drug to produce an effect
Define therapeutic index
The relationship between a drugs therapeutic and harmful effects
Define withdrawal time
Amount of time that must elapse between the end of drug therapy and the elimination ir the drug from the patients tissues.
What are four sources of drugs used in Veterinary medicine
- animal products
- plant products
- synthetic materials
- minerals
What are the four components of a drug regimen?
- dose
- route of administration
- frequency of administration
- duration of administration
What conditions must be met before a relationship exists?
- vet assumes responsibility for making clinical judgments for animals health
- vet has recently seen animal.
- vet available for followup care.
What are the responsibilities of a vet tech in administration of drug orders?
- read drug label 3x
- be aware of expected effects and potential adverse side effects.
- in large animal, be aware of withdrawal times and potential residue problems.
What sequence of events does a drug undergo from administration to excretion?
- absorption into bloodstream where it may bind with plasma or exist in the free state.
- blood distributes drug to capillaries, where it enters interstitial fluid.
- interstitial fluid bathes the cell and allows drug to enter cell or bind with surface receptors.
- drug exits cell back into fluid, then circulation, then liver to metabolism.
- metabolite transported to kidneys for excretion.
What are the 11 routes of drug administration, and pros/cons of each?
- oral: simple but slower, inappropriate when vomiting.
- subq - usually simple, slow, not appropriate for hypertonic solutions.
- IM: care not to inject into vessels
- IV: fast, but possible toxic/allergic reactions.
- Intraperitoneal - slow.
- Intraarterial- seldom used. May cause seizures/death.
- Intracardiac- for emergencies or euthanasia
- Intramedullary - used for animals with small or damaged veins.
- Inhalational- for respiratory system drugs. May require special equipment.
- Topical - may use carrier substances.
- Intradermal- primarily for allergy testing or diagnosing TB.
What 8 factors influence drug absorption?
- Method of absorption
- pH and ionization status of drug
- Absorptive surface area
- Blood supply to area
- Solubility of drug
- Dosage form
- Status of GI tract
- Interactions with other drugs.
Most biotransformation of drugs occurs where?
Liver.
Most drug excretion occurs where?
Kidneys
The drug name chosen by the manufacturer is the _______
Proprietary or trade name.
What 6 items must be included on a drug label?
- Drug names (generic and trade)
- Concentration and quantity
- Name/address of manufacturer
- Controlled substance status
- Manufacturers control or lot number.
- Drugs expiration date.
What 3 government agencies regulate animal health products?
FDA, EPA, USDA
What publication lists FDA-approved drugs?
The green book
What is the purpose of FARAD?
Provides resources on avoiding drug residues.
What act of congress made extralabel vet drug use legal?
AMDUCA (animal medicinal drug use clarification act)
Define compounding
Diluting or combining drugs
What are potential dangers of residues in animal products?
Allergic reactions, neoplasia, antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
What are three classes of drug interactions?
- Pharmacodynamic
- Pharmacokinetic
- Pharmaceutic
Drug interactions can happen when 2 drugs are given and both are metabolized by the _____
Liver
What is ethical product?
Sold only through vets, as a policy of the manufacturer rather than FDA requirement.
A biotransformed drug is called a _____
Metabolite.
Extralabel use means ____
Using a drug in a way not specified by the label
The complex sequence of events occurring after a drug is administered.
Pharmacokinetics
Parental drugs are administered _____
By injection
The body’s ability to change a drug chemical to be eliminated from the body.
Metabolism (or biotransformation)
The degree to which a drug produces its desired response
Efficacy
What are the 6 practices recommended by the AVMA for safe disposal of unwanted drugs?
- Incinerate when possible
- Send to landfill when incineration not possible
- Never flush.
- Maintain close inventory control
- Follow state/federal guidelines
- Educate clients on proper disposal.
