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A&P 1 > Chapter 7: Bones > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Bones Flashcards

1
Q

osteology

A

the study of bones

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2
Q

the skeletal system is composed of

A

bones, cartilage and ligaments

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3
Q

purpose of cartilage

A

covers many joint surfaces

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4
Q

purpose of ligaments

A

bone to bone

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5
Q

purpose of tendons

A

muscle to bone

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6
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A

support, protect, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation

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7
Q

what is osseus tissue

A

connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals

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8
Q

what is mineralization or calcification

A

the hardening process of bone

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9
Q

Flat Bones

A

thin,, curved plates that protect soft organs. sandwich like construction. Diploe = spongy middle layer

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10
Q

Long Bones

A

longer than wide; crucial for movement

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11
Q

Short bones

A

aproxx equal in length and width

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12
Q

Irregular bones

A

elaborate shapes

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13
Q

skeleton = 3/4 of what and 1/4 of what

A

3/4 = compact bone…..1/4 = spongy bone

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14
Q

Another name for growth plate

A

Epiphyseal plate; epiphyseal line is where growth plates used to be

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15
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

Stem cells found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum. Contually multiply. Come from Mesenchyme

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16
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells. Single layer under endosteum and periosteum. Stress tells osteogenic to increase the number of osteoblasts. Also secrete osteocalcin which stimulates insulin secretion

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17
Q

Osteocytes

A

Former osteoblasts that become trapped in the matrix they deposited

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18
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone dissolving cells found in bone surface. Develop from bone marrow stem cells (WBC/Monocytes)

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19
Q

Matrix

A

1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter

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20
Q

Organic Matter of the matrix

A

synthesized by osteoblasts. Made of Collagen, carb-protein complex, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

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21
Q

Inorganic Matter of the matrix

A

85% hydroxyapatite, 10% calcium carbonate, 5% other minerals

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22
Q

Ceramic material

A

allows bone to support body weight without sagging

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23
Q

Polymer material

A

(protein) give the bones some flexibility

24
Q

Bone Marrow

A

soft tissue occupying marrow cavities of long bones and small spaces of spongy bone

25
Q

Red Marrow (Myeloid tissue)

A

hemopoetic- produces blood cells, in nearly every bone of children. In the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle and proximal heads of humerus and femur

26
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

Fatty marrow that does now produce blood.

27
Q

Ossification or Osteogenesis

A

the formation of bone

28
Q

Bone develops how in the infant and fetus

A

Either intramembranous ossification (flat bones, long bones) or endochondral ossification (taking cartilage to create bone)

29
Q

Bone Elongation

A

epiphyseal plate - cartilage transitions to bone

Interstitial growth - growth from within

30
Q

Achondroplastic Dwarfism

A

long bones stop growing in childhood, failure of cartilage growth in metaphysis

31
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism

A

lack of growth hormone, normal proportions with short stature

32
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Breakdown and rebuilding (absorption and deposition) occurs throughout life (10% of skeleton per year)

33
Q

Wolff’s Law of Bone

A

architecture of bone determined by mechanical stress placed on it

34
Q

Physiology of Osseus Tissue

A

involved in its own maintenance. Influences the rest of the body by exchanging minerals with tissue fluid. Disturbance of calcium homeostasis in skeleton disrupts function of other organ systems.

35
Q

Mineral Deposition (mineralization)

A

Process in which calcium, phosphate and other ions are taken from blood and DEPOSITED in bone

36
Q

Mineral Resorption

A

Process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood

37
Q

Purpose of Phosphate

A

component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids and pH buffers

38
Q

Purpose of Calcium

A

needed in Neuron communication, muscle contraction, blood clotting and exocytosis. 1,100 g in adult body (99% in bones). 18% exchanged with blood every year. 9.2-10.4 mg/dL in blood plasma

39
Q

Purpose of minerals

A

Deposited in skeleton and withdrawn into the blood when they are needed for other purposes.

40
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

deficient calcium in blood

41
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

excessive calcium levels

42
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by C cells (clear cells) of thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high. Blood calcium levels are lowered 2 ways = Inhibit osteoclasts and Stimulates osteoblasts

43
Q

Calcitriol

A

most active form of Vit D. Hormone that raises blood calcium levels

44
Q

3 Hormones responsible for Calcium Homeostasis

A

Calcitriol, PTH and Calcitonin

45
Q

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A

secreted by PT glands on posterior surface. Released when calcium levels are low in blood.

46
Q

Rickets

A

softness of bones in children

47
Q

Osteomalacia

A

softness of bones in adults

48
Q

Orthopedics

A

branch of medicine dealing with prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of bones, muscles and joints

49
Q

Stress Fracture

A

break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone

50
Q

Pathological Fracture

A

break in a bone weakened by disease ( such as bone cancer or osteoporosis)

51
Q

Closed reduction

A

procedure in which bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery

52
Q

Open Reduction

A

Involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws or pins

53
Q

Cast

A

used to stabilize and immobilize healing bones

54
Q

Osteoporosis

A

most common bone disease; severe loss of bone density due to loss of matrix and minerals

55
Q

Effect of estrogen on bones

A

maintains bone density in both sexes, inhibits resorption by osteoclasts

56
Q

How to treat osteoporosis

A

ERT (estrogen replacement therapy), slows bone resorption (breakdown) but increases risk of breast cancer, stroke and heart disease.
PTH slows bone loss if injected daily
Also treat by exercise and diet

A&P 1 (10 decks)

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