Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 > Chapter 5: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Four categories of tissues

A

Epithelial

Connective

Nervous

Muscular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Organ

A

Structure with discrete boundaries composed of two or more tissue types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The matrix

A

Extracellular material

Composed fibrous proteins, clear gel called ground substance

Aka tissue fluid, ECF, interstitial fluid or tissue gel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Three germ layers

A

Ectoderm - outer layer

Mesoderm - middle layer

Endoderm - inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer

Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle

Wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix

Gives rise to cartilage, bone, blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endoderm

A

Gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Formalin

A

Fixative prevents decay of tissue for slides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Histological sections

A

Tissue is sliced into thin sections one or two cells thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stains

A

Tissue is mounted on slides and artificially colored with histological stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Longitudinal section cut

A

Tissue cut on its long axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cross section

A

Tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oblique section

A

Tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Smear

A

Tissue rubbed across a slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spread

A

Some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

> = 1 cell thick

Covers body surface and lines body cavity

Upper surface exposed to the environment or an internal space

Constitutes most glands

Avascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Avascular

A

Does not have blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protect

Secretes chemical

Excrete waste

Absorb chemicals

Filter substance

Sense stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Simple epithelia

A

One layer

Named by shape of cells

All cells touch basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Contain more than one layer

Apical cells

Some rest on top of other and do not touch basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Four types of simple epithelia

A

Simple squamous

Simple cuboidal

Simple columnar

Pseudostratified columnar

(See PowerPoint for photos and description of each)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Goblet cells

A

Mucus secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia

(See PowerPoint for photos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Four types of stratified epithelia

A

Three names for their shape of their apical surface cells

Stratified squamous

Stratified cuboidal

Stratified columnar (rare)

Fourth type: transitional epithelium

(See PowerPoint for photos and description of each)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Most widespread epithelium in the body

Deepest layers undergo continuous mitosis
Daughter cells push toward the surface and become flatter
Finally die and flake off - exfoliate/desquamation

Two kinds: keratinized and non keratinized (See PowerPoint for photo and description)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Connective tissue

A

Diverse abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than the matrix

Most cells are not in direct contact with each other

Function: support, connect and protect organs

Highly variable vascularity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

8 Functions of connective tissue

A

Connect organs - tendons and ligmanents

Support - bones and cartilage

Protect - cranium, ribs, sternum

Immune protection - WBC

Movement - bones provide lever system

Storage - fat, calcium, phosphorous

Heat production- metabolism of brown fat

Transport - blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Four types of connective tissue

A

Fibrous ( loose and dense)

Adipose

Supportive (bone)

Fluid (blood)

(Check PowerPoint for dichotomous key of CT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

6 cells of fibrous connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts - produce fiber and ground substance

Macrophages- (antigens) get rid of foreign material

Leukocytes- WBC (neutrophils, lymphocytes)

Proteins

Mast cells- inhibit clotting, secrete histamine

Adipocytes- store triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

3 fibers of fibrous CT

A

Collagenous

Reticular

Elastic

(PowerPoint for description of each)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ground substance

A
  • usually gelatinous

- made of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Types of fibrous connective tissue

A

Loose CT- mostly made up of ground substance (areolar and reticular)

Dense CT- mostly fibers (dense regular and dense irregular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Adipocytes are the dominant cell type

Space between is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue and blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

2 types of adipose tissue

A

White fat- found in adults, thermal insulation, cushions, body contours in females

Brown fat- found in fetuses, infants and children. Functions as heat generating tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cartilage - 3 types, description and cells

A

Supportive CT = hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage (See PPT for pictures and description)

Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix, shapes ear, nose and larynx, avascular

Cells of cartilage- chondroblasts, chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Bone/Osseous Tissue

A

Bone (osseous tissue) is calcified connective tissue

Two types of osseous tissue- spongy and compact (See PPT for photo and description)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Concentric lamallae

A

Onionlike layers around each canal of osseous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Lacunae

A

Small cavity that contains an osteocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Osteon

A

Central canal and surrounding lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells in lacunae

41
Q

Canaliculi

A

Delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other

42
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone

43
Q

Blood

A

Fluid CT

Transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place

Plasma- blood ground substance

Erythrocytes- RBC Transport oxygen and CO2

Leukocytes- WBC defend against infection and disease

Platelets- cell fragments involved in clotting

44
Q

Excitability

A

Ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential

45
Q

Membrane potential

A

Electrical charge difference that occurs across the cell membrane

46
Q

Nerve cells

A

Changes in voltage result in rapid transmission signals to other cells

47
Q

Muscle cells

A

Changes in voltage result in contraction, shortening of the cell

48
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Communicate via electrical and chemical signals

Consists of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia

49
Q

Neuron parts

A

Neurosoma- cell body

Dendrites- receive signals, transmit to cell body

Axon- sends signals, can be more than 1 Meter long

50
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation

Primary job is to exert force, creates movement, source of body heat

Three types = skeletal, cardiac and smooth (See PPT for photo and description)

51
Q

Cell junctions

A

Connections between two cells

Cells communicate, resists stress and control what moves between them

52
Q

Tight junction

A

Linkage between two adjacent cells

53
Q

Desmosome

A

Patch that holds cells together

54
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Half desmosomes that anchor nasal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane

55
Q

Gap junction

A

Ions, nutrients and other small solutes pass between cells

56
Q

Glands

A

Cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body

Exocrine and Endocrine glands (See PPT for photo and description)

57
Q

Types of secretion

A

Serous- thin, watery

Mucous- produce glycoproteins, mucin which absorbs water to form mucous

Mixed- contain serous and mucous

58
Q

Membranes

A

May only be epithelial, connective or mix of eipothelial, connective and muscular

59
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Largest membrane in the body made of stratified squamous epithelium resting on the dermis

60
Q

Mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

Lines passages that open to the external environment

See PPT for photo and description

61
Q

Serous membrane (serosa)

A

Internal membrane, covers organs and lines walls of body cavities

(See PPT for photo and description)

62
Q

Tissue growth

A

Increasing the number of cells or size of existing cells

63
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Growth through cell multiplication

64
Q

Neoplasia

A

Development of a tumor

65
Q

Differentiation

A

Development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue

66
Q

Metaplasia

A

Changing from one type of mature tissue to another

67
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells not yet performing any specialized function

68
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

Ability of stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types

69
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Totipotent- have potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell including accessory organs to pregnancy

Pluripotent- can develop into any type of cell in the embryo (but not accessory organs of pregnancy) 4 days after

70
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells found in mature organs

Multipotent- can develop into two or more different cell lines

Unipotent- adult stem cells can produce only one mature cell

71
Q

2 ways tissue can be repaired

A

Regeneration- replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before

Fibrosis- replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue

72
Q

Healing stage 1

A

Bleed

Histamine released

Blood plasma carries antibodies and clotting proteins into the wound

73
Q

Healing stage 2

A

Blood clot forms

Scab

Macrophages digest tissue debris

74
Q

Healing stage 3

A

New Capillaries sprout

Transform into granulation tissue

Macrophages remove clot

Fibroblasts deposit collagen

Lasts up to 2 weeks

75
Q

Healing stage 4

A

Epithelial cells around wound multiply and migrate beneath scab (tissue regenerates)

Underlying connective tissue undergoes fibrosis

Remodeling phase begins several weeks after injury and may last 2 years

76
Q

Tissue Degeneration and death 1

A

Atrophy

Necrosis

Infarction

Gangrene (dry, wet and gas)

Decubitus ulcer

77
Q

Atrophy

A

Shrinkage of tissue through loss in cell size or number

Senile atrophy (normal aging)

Disuse atrophy (lack of use)

78
Q

Necrosis

A

Pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins or infections

79
Q

Infarction

A

Sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off

80
Q

Gangrene

A

Tissue necrosis that usually involves infection

Decubitus ulcer- dry gangrene due to pressure sore

Dry gangrene- complication of diabetes

Wet gangrene- liquefaction of internal organs with infection

Gas gangrene- infection from soil bacterium that results in hydrogen bubbles in tissues

81
Q

Tissue Degeneration and Death 2

A

Aptosis- programmed cell death

  • the cells have completed their function and serve the body by dying
82
Q

Stem cell controversy

A

Recent presidents have disagreed on the morality of stem cell use

Biologists see many possibilities for the use of embryonic stem cells in treating disease

83
Q

Location of simple squamous

A

Alveoli

Glomeruli

Endothelium

serosa

84
Q

Location of simple cuboidal

A

Liver

Thyroid

Mammary and salivary glands

Bronchioles

Kidney tubules

85
Q

Location of simple columnar

A

Lining of GI tract

Uterus

Kidney

Uterine tubes

86
Q

Location of Pseudostratified

A

Respiratory tract and portions of male urethra

87
Q

Location of keratinized stratified squamous

A

Epidermis

Palms and soles

88
Q

Location of nonkeratinized stratified squamous

A

Tongue

Oral mucosa

Esophagus

Vagina

89
Q

Location of stratified cuboidal

A

Sweat gland ducts

Ovarian follicles

Seminiferous tubules

90
Q

Location of transitional epithelium

A

Ureter

Bladder

(Umbrella cells)

91
Q

Location of areolar tissue

A

Epithelia

Serous membranes

Between muscles

Blood vessels

92
Q

Location of reticular tissue

A

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Thymus

Bone marrow

93
Q

Location of dense reg CT

A

Tendons (muscle to bone)

Ligaments (bone to bone)

94
Q

Location of dense irregular CT

A

Deeper layer of skin

Capsules around organ

95
Q

Location of hyaline cartilage

A

Ends of bones

Trachea

Larynx

Fetal skeleton

96
Q

Location of elastic cartilage

A

External ear and epiglottis

97
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A

Pubic symphysis

Menisci

Intervertebral discs

98
Q

Types of exocrine glands

A

Simple coiled tubular

Compound acinar

Compound tubuloacinar

(See PPT for photo and example)

A&P 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions