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A&P 1 > Chapter 14: Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the forehead

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2
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the spinal cord

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3
Q

3 major portions of the brain

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Brainstem

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4
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Deep groove that separates the cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

Gyri

A

thick folds

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6
Q

Sulci

A

shallow grooves

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7
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres

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8
Q

Gray Matter

A

the seat of neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses
Dull color due to little myelin
Forms surface layer (cortex) over cerebrum and cerebellum
Forms nuclei deep within brain

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9
Q

White Matter

A

bundles of axons
Lies deep to cortical gray matter, opposite relationship in the spinal cord
Pearly white color from myelin around nerve fibers
Composed of tracts, or bundles of axons, that connect one part of the brain to another, and to the spinal cord

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10
Q

Ependyma

A

type of neuroglia that lines ventricles and covers choroid plexus
Produces cerebrospinal fluid

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11
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of CNS

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12
Q

Function of CSF

A

Buoyancy, Protection and Chemical Stability

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13
Q

Brain barrier system

A

regulates what substances can get from bloodstream into tissue fluid of the brain
Although blood is crucial, it can also contain harmful agents

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14
Q

Two points of entry must be guarded

A

Blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue

Capillaries of the choroid plexus

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15
Q

Central Pattern Generators

A

neural pools that produce rhythmic signals to the muscles of breathing and swallowing

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16
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Loose web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brainstem
Occupies space between white fiber tracts and brainstem nuclei
Has connections with many areas of cerebrum
More than 100 small neural networks without distinct boundaries

17
Q

Reticular Formation Functions

A

Somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep, consciousness and habituation

18
Q

Cerebellum

A

important for motor coordination and locomotor ability

19
Q

Forebrain

A

consists of Diencephalon: encloses 3rd ventricle, most rostral part of brainstem and Telencephelon: develops into cerebrum

20
Q

Diencepholon

A

3 parts: thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

22
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest, most conspicuous part of human brain. Seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions

23
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus

24
Q

Higher Brain Functions

A

sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, motor control, and language

25
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

monitors surface electrical activity of the brain waves

26
Q

Cognition

A

the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge

27
Q

Hippocampus

A

important limbic system area for memory

28
Q

Amygdala

A

emotional memory

29
Q

Special Senses

A

Vision, Hearing, Equilibrium, Taste and Smell

30
Q

General Senses

A

Touch, pressure, stretch, movement, heat, cold and pain

31
Q

Wernicke Area

A

Posterior to lateral sulcus usually in left hemisphere
Permits recognition of spoken and written language
When we intend to speak, Wernicke area formulates phrases and transmits plan of speech to Broca area

32
Q

Broca Area

A

Inferior prefrontal cortex usually in left hemisphere
Generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking and for hands when signing
Transmits program to primary motor cortex for commands to the lower motor neurons that supply relevant muscles

33
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Analytical

34
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Artistic

35
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

allows researchers to visualize increases in blood flow when brain areas are active

36
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

looks at increase in blood flow to an area—magnetic properties of hemoglobin depend on how much oxygen is bound to it

A&P 1 (10 decks)

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