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A&P 1 > Chapter 12: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

2 organ systems that maintain internal coordination

A

Endocrine and Nervous

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2
Q

Endocrine System

A

communicates via hormones in the blood

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3
Q

Nervous System

A

electrical and chemical means to send messages cell to celll

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4
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves and ganglia

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6
Q

The PNS is divided into what divisions

A

sensory and motor

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7
Q

Sensory (afferent) divisions

A

carries signals from various receptors

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8
Q

Visceral Motor divison (ANS)

A

Dont have control over these two affectors (Parasympathetic and sympathetic division)

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9
Q

Sympathetic

A

arouses body for action (fight or flight)

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10
Q

Parasympathetic

A

calms body (rest and digest)

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11
Q

3 classes of neurons

A

sensory, interneurons and motor

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12
Q

Neuroglia/Glial cells

A

Protects neurons, binds them together, provides supportive framework for nervous tissue

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13
Q

Types of glial cells

A

Ependymal, microglia, astrocytes, schwann cells, satellite cells, oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Spiral layer of insulation around a nerve fiber

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15
Q

Electrical Potential

A

Difference in concentration of charged particles between one point and another, under the right circumstances can produce a current

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16
Q

Summation

A

process of adding up post synaptic potentials and responding to their net effect

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17
Q

Temporal Summation

A

This occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades. This allows the EPSPs to add up over time to a threshold voltage that triggers an action potential (fig. 12.26). Temporal summation can occur if even one presynaptic neuron stimulates the postsynaptic neuron at a fast enough rate.

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18
Q

Spatial Summation

A

This occurs when EPSPs from several synapses add up to threshold at the axon hillock. Any one synapse may generate only a weak signal, but several synapses acting together can bring the hillock to threshold. The presynaptic neurons collaborate to induce the postsynaptic neuron to fire.

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19
Q

Nervous System

A

Nervous system is the foundation of our conscious experience, personality, and behavior

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20
Q

Excitability (Irritability)

A

Respond to environmental changes called stimuli

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21
Q

Conductivity

A

Respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations

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22
Q

Secretion

A

When an electrical signal reaches the end of nerve fiber, the cell secretes a chemical neurotransmitter that influences the next cell

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23
Q

Axonal Transport

A

two-way passage of proteins, organelles, and other material along an axon
Anterograde transport: movement down the axon away from neurosoma
Retrograde transport: movement up the axon toward the neurosoma

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24
Q

Myelination

A

production of the myelin sheath

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25
Q

Nerve growth factor (NGF)

A

protein secreted by a gland, muscle, or glial cells and picked up by the axon terminals of neurons

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26
Q

Action Potential

A

dramatic change in membrane polarity produced by voltage-gated ion channels

27
Q

Refractory Period

A

period of resistance to stimulation

28
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Myelinated fibers conduct signals with saltatory conduction—signal seems to jump from node to node

29
Q

Neuromodulators

A

chemicals secreted by neurons that have long term effects on groups of neurons

30
Q

Neural Integration

A

the ability to process, store, and recall information and use it to make decisions

31
Q

Neural Coding

A

the way the nervous system converts information into a meaningful pattern of action potentials

32
Q

Electrical Potential

A

Difference in concentration of charged particles between one point and another

33
Q

Current

A

Flow of charges particles

34
Q

RMP

A

Charge difference across plasma membrane (-70 mV)

35
Q

Action Potential

A

Dramatic change produced by voltage-gated ion channels in the plasma membrane

36
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Molecules that are synthesized by a neuron, released when a nerve signal reaches an a on terminal or varicosity of the nerve fiber and has an effect on the receiving cells physiology

37
Q

Immediate memory

A

Ability to hold it in the mind for a few seconds

38
Q

Short term memory

A

Few seconds to a few hours

39
Q

Working memory

A

Form of STM that allows you to hold an idea in the mind long enough to carry out an action

40
Q

Long term memory

A

Lasts up to a lifetime and is less limited than STM

41
Q

Explicit LTM/ Declaritive memory

A

Retention of events and facts that you can put into words, numbers, names, dates etc.

42
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memory of things that come reflexively or unconsciously, including emotional memories and procedural memories

43
Q

Long term depression LTD

A

Erases long term memories

44
Q

Memory loss

A

Immediate and short term memories vanish simply as neural circuits cease to fire

45
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

One axon and multiple dendrites. Most common

46
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

One axon and one dendrite

47
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Have a single process leading away from the soma

48
Q

Anaxonic neurons

A

Multiple dendrites but no axon

49
Q

universal properties of neurons

A

excitability, conductivity and secretion

50
Q

Functional classes of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent), interneurons and Motor (efferent)

51
Q

Four types of glial cells

A

Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, microglia and astrocytes

52
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath in the CNS that speed signal conduction

53
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line internal cavities of the brain; secret and circulate CSF

54
Q

Microglia

A

Macrophages that wander through CNS looking for debris and damage

55
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

degenerative disorder of myelin sheath, replaced by scar tissue

56
Q

Tay Sachs

A

degenerative disorder of myelin sheath, abnormal accumulation of glycolipid GM2

57
Q

Excitatory Cholinergic Synapse

A

uses ACh

58
Q

Inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse

A

uses y-aminobutyric

59
Q

Excitatory Adrenergic Synapse

A

uses norepinephrine (NE)

60
Q

Neuromodulators

A

chemicals secreted by neurons that have long term effects on groups of neurons

61
Q

Neural Integration

A

the ability to process, store, and recall information and use it to make decisions

62
Q

Neural Coding

A

the way the nervous system converts information into a meaningful pattern of action potentials

63
Q

Alzheimers

A

Show deficiencies of ACh and NGF, atrophy of gyri shown in autopsy

64
Q

Parkinsons

A

Degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons

A&P 1 (10 decks)

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