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A&P 1 > Chap8: Skeletal System & Chap9: Joints > Flashcards

Chap8: Skeletal System & Chap9: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum,sacrum and hyoid

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2
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Pectoral and Pelvic Girdle. Upper and Lower Extremities

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3
Q

Number of Bones

A

206: Adult; 270: at birth

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4
Q

Number of bones in the skull

A

22

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5
Q

Number of Facial bones

A

14

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6
Q

Number of Vertebrae

A

33 (C7, T12, L5, S5, Coc4)

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7
Q

Number of Spinal Curvatures

A

4

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8
Q

Kyphosis

A

Hunchback

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9
Q

Lordosis

A

Swayback

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10
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of spine

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11
Q

Number of Intervertebral discs

A

23

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12
Q

Nucleus Pulposus

A

Inner gelatinous mass

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13
Q

Anulus Fibrosis

A

Outer ring of fibrocartilage

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14
Q

Atlas C1

A

Supports the head, has no body

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15
Q

Axis C2

A

Allows head rotation, held in place by transverse ligament. Atlantoaxial joint= joint between c1 and c2

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16
Q

Number of ribs

A

12… True: 1-7… False:8-12… Floating:11 and 12

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17
Q

Purpose of Joints

A

Joints link the bones of the skeletal system, permit effective movement, and protect the softer organs

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18
Q

Joint Articulation

A

any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface

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19
Q

4 Major Joint Categories

A

Bony joints
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

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20
Q

Synostosis aka Bony Joint

A

an immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies, and the bones become, in effect, a single bone

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21
Q

Synarthrosis aka Fibrous Joints

A

adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other

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22
Q

3 Kinds of Fibrous Joints

A

Sutures, Gomphoses, Syndesmosis

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23
Q

Kinds of Bony Joints

A

Mandibular bones in infants, sutures in elderly, attachment of first rib

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24
Q

Classification of sutures

A

serrate (interlocking), lap(overlap) and plane (straight)

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25
Q

Syndesmosis

A

a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers (Ex. interosseous membrane between radius and ulna or tibia and fibula)

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26
Q

Cartilaginous Joint aka Ampiarthrosis

A

Two bones linked by cartilage

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27
Q

2 Kinds of Cartilaginous Joints

A

Synchondrosis and Symphesis

28
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Joined by hyaline cartilage (Ex. plates in children)

29
Q

Symphysis

A

Joined by fibrocartilage (Ex. pubic symphysis, vert discs)

30
Q

Synovial Joint aka Diarthrosis

A

joint in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity

31
Q

Joint articular cavity

A

separates articular surfaces

32
Q

joint articular capsule

A

connective tissue that encloses cavity and retains the fluid

33
Q

Lever

A

any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum

34
Q

Components of a lever

A

Resistance, Fulcrom, Effort

35
Q

Mechanical Advantage of a Lever

A

The ratio of output force to input force

36
Q

1st class lever

A

Fulcrum in the middle. EFR

37
Q

2nd class lever

A

Resistance in the middle FRE (Bouncing baby on knee)

38
Q

3rd class lever

A

Effort in the middle REF (Most joints. Ex. rowing a boat)

39
Q

Range of Motion (ROM)

A

The degrees through which a joint can move

40
Q

6 classes of synovial joints

A

Ball-and-socket, condylar, saddle, plane, hinge, pivot

41
Q

Zero position

A

the position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position

42
Q

Elevation

A

movement that raises body part vertically in the frontal plane

43
Q

Depression

A

Movement that lowers body part in the frontal plane

44
Q

Protraction

A

The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

45
Q

Retraction

A

Posterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

46
Q

Circumduction

A

One end of an appendage remains in one spot while the other end makes a circular motion

47
Q

Rotation

A

A bone spins on its longitudinal axis. Medial/Internal rotation turns bone inward. Lateral/External rotation turns the bone outward

48
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

Tilting the head or trunk to the right or left at the midline

49
Q

Lateral Excursion

A

Right or left movement from the zero position

50
Q

Medial Excursion

A

Movement back to the zero position from right or left (Chewing)

51
Q

Palmar abduction

A

Moving thumb away from hand and pointing it anteriorly

52
Q

Radial Abduction

A

Moving thumb away from index finger

53
Q

Flexion of thumb

A

Tip of thumb directed toward palm

54
Q

Extension of thumb

A

Straightening the thumb

55
Q

Temporomandibular (jaw) joint (TMJ)

A

articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

56
Q

Glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint

A

Hemispherical head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula

57
Q

Elbow—a hinge that includes two articulations

A

Humeroulnar joint: trochlea of the humerus joins trochlear notch of the ulna
Humeroradial joint: capitulum of humerus meets head of radius

58
Q

Coxal (hip) joint

A

head of femur inserts into acetabulum of hip bone

59
Q

Tibiofemoral (knee) joint

A

largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body. Hinge Joint

60
Q

Arthroscopy

A

procedure in which interior of joint is viewed with a pencil-thin arthroscope inserted through a small incision

61
Q

Talocrural (ankle) joint- includes 2 articulations

A

Medial joint: between tibia and talus

Lateral joint: between fibula and talus

62
Q

Arthritis

A

a broad term for pain and inflammation of joints. Most common crippling disease in the U.S.

63
Q

Rheaumatalogist

A

physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders

64
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)—most common form of arthritis

A

Wear-and-tear arthritis”
Results from years of joint wear
Articular cartilage softens and degenerates
Accompanied by crackling sounds called crepitus
Bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain

65
Q

Rheaumatoid Arthritis

A

autoimmune attack against the joint tissues

66
Q

Arthroplasty

A

replacement of diseased joint with artificial device called prosthesis

A&P 1 (10 decks)

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