Chap8: Skeletal System & Chap9: Joints Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum,sacrum and hyoid
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral and Pelvic Girdle. Upper and Lower Extremities
Number of Bones
206: Adult; 270: at birth
Number of bones in the skull
22
Number of Facial bones
14
Number of Vertebrae
33 (C7, T12, L5, S5, Coc4)
Number of Spinal Curvatures
4
Kyphosis
Hunchback
Lordosis
Swayback
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of spine
Number of Intervertebral discs
23
Nucleus Pulposus
Inner gelatinous mass
Anulus Fibrosis
Outer ring of fibrocartilage
Atlas C1
Supports the head, has no body
Axis C2
Allows head rotation, held in place by transverse ligament. Atlantoaxial joint= joint between c1 and c2
Number of ribs
12… True: 1-7… False:8-12… Floating:11 and 12
Purpose of Joints
Joints link the bones of the skeletal system, permit effective movement, and protect the softer organs
Joint Articulation
any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface
4 Major Joint Categories
Bony joints
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
Synostosis aka Bony Joint
an immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies, and the bones become, in effect, a single bone
Synarthrosis aka Fibrous Joints
adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other
3 Kinds of Fibrous Joints
Sutures, Gomphoses, Syndesmosis
Kinds of Bony Joints
Mandibular bones in infants, sutures in elderly, attachment of first rib
Classification of sutures
serrate (interlocking), lap(overlap) and plane (straight)
Syndesmosis
a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers (Ex. interosseous membrane between radius and ulna or tibia and fibula)
Cartilaginous Joint aka Ampiarthrosis
Two bones linked by cartilage
2 Kinds of Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondrosis and Symphesis
Synchondrosis
Joined by hyaline cartilage (Ex. plates in children)
Symphysis
Joined by fibrocartilage (Ex. pubic symphysis, vert discs)
Synovial Joint aka Diarthrosis
joint in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity
Joint articular cavity
separates articular surfaces
joint articular capsule
connective tissue that encloses cavity and retains the fluid
Lever
any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum
Components of a lever
Resistance, Fulcrom, Effort
Mechanical Advantage of a Lever
The ratio of output force to input force
1st class lever
Fulcrum in the middle. EFR
2nd class lever
Resistance in the middle FRE (Bouncing baby on knee)
3rd class lever
Effort in the middle REF (Most joints. Ex. rowing a boat)
Range of Motion (ROM)
The degrees through which a joint can move
6 classes of synovial joints
Ball-and-socket, condylar, saddle, plane, hinge, pivot
Zero position
the position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position
Elevation
movement that raises body part vertically in the frontal plane
Depression
Movement that lowers body part in the frontal plane
Protraction
The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane
Retraction
Posterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane
Circumduction
One end of an appendage remains in one spot while the other end makes a circular motion
Rotation
A bone spins on its longitudinal axis. Medial/Internal rotation turns bone inward. Lateral/External rotation turns the bone outward
Lateral Flexion
Tilting the head or trunk to the right or left at the midline
Lateral Excursion
Right or left movement from the zero position
Medial Excursion
Movement back to the zero position from right or left (Chewing)
Palmar abduction
Moving thumb away from hand and pointing it anteriorly
Radial Abduction
Moving thumb away from index finger
Flexion of thumb
Tip of thumb directed toward palm
Extension of thumb
Straightening the thumb
Temporomandibular (jaw) joint (TMJ)
articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint
Hemispherical head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
Elbow—a hinge that includes two articulations
Humeroulnar joint: trochlea of the humerus joins trochlear notch of the ulna
Humeroradial joint: capitulum of humerus meets head of radius
Coxal (hip) joint
head of femur inserts into acetabulum of hip bone
Tibiofemoral (knee) joint
largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body. Hinge Joint
Arthroscopy
procedure in which interior of joint is viewed with a pencil-thin arthroscope inserted through a small incision
Talocrural (ankle) joint- includes 2 articulations
Medial joint: between tibia and talus
Lateral joint: between fibula and talus
Arthritis
a broad term for pain and inflammation of joints. Most common crippling disease in the U.S.
Rheaumatalogist
physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders
Osteoarthritis (OA)—most common form of arthritis
Wear-and-tear arthritis”
Results from years of joint wear
Articular cartilage softens and degenerates
Accompanied by crackling sounds called crepitus
Bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain
Rheaumatoid Arthritis
autoimmune attack against the joint tissues
Arthroplasty
replacement of diseased joint with artificial device called prosthesis