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A&P 1 > Chapter 11: Muscular Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Muscular Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

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2
Q

Excitability (responsiveness)

A

chemical signals, stretch, and electrical changes across the plasma membrane

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3
Q

Conductivity

A

Local electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber

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4
Q

Contractility

A

Shortens when stimulated

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5
Q

Extensibility

A

Capable of being stretched between contractions

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6
Q

Elasticity

A

Returns to its original rest length after being stretched

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7
Q

Myofiber

A

Muscle cell/Muscle Fiber as long as 30 cm

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8
Q

Connective tissue wrappings

A

Endomysium: connective tissue around muscle cell
Perimysium: connective tissue around muscle fascicle
Epimysium: connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

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9
Q

Collagen

A

Stretches slightly under tension and recoils when released
Resists excessive stretching and protects muscle from injury
Returns muscle to its resting length
Contributes to power output and muscle efficiency

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10
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

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11
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

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12
Q

Myofibrils

A

long protein cords occupying most of sarcoplasm

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13
Q

Glycogen

A

carbohydrate stored to provide energy for exercise

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14
Q

Myoglobin

A

red pigment; provides some oxygen needed for muscle activity

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15
Q

Myoblasts

A

stem cells that fused to form each muscle fiber early in development

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16
Q

Satellite Cells

A

unspecialized myoblasts remaining between the muscle fiber and endomysium

17
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Forms network around each myofibril. Acts as a calcium reservoir; it releases calcium through channels to activate contraction

18
Q

Thick Filaments

A

Made of several hundred myosin molecules. Double myosin head shaped like golf clubs.

19
Q

Thin Filaments

A

Two intertwined strands of fibrous actin.
String of globular (G) actin subunits each with an active site that can bind to head of myosin molecule
Tropomyosin blocks active sites on G (actin)
Troponin molecule: small, calcium-binding protein on each tropomyosin molecule

20
Q

Elastic Filaments

A

Titin: huge, springy protein
Run through core of thin filament and anchor it to Z disc and M line
Help stabilize and position the thick filament
Prevent overstretching and provide recoil

21
Q

Contractile Proteins

A

myosin and actin do the work of contraction

22
Q

Regulatory Proteins

A

tropomyosin and troponin
Act like a switch that determines when fiber can (and cannot) contract
Contraction activated by release of calcium into sarcoplasm and its binding to troponin
Troponin changes shape and moves tropomyosin off the active sites on actin

23
Q

Dystrophin

A

clinically important protein
Links actin in outermost myofilaments to membrane proteins that link to endomysium
Transfers forces of muscle contraction to connective tissue ultimately leading to tendon
Genetic defects in dystrophin produce disabling disease muscular dystrophy

24
Q

A-Band (Dark)

A

“A” stands for anisotropic
Darkest part is where thick filaments overlap a hexagonal array of thin filaments
H band: not as dark; middle of A band; thick filaments only
M line: middle of H band

25
Q

I-Band (Light)

A

“I” stands for isotropic
The way the bands reflect polarized light
Z disc: provides anchorage for thin filaments and elastic filaments
Bisects I band

26
Q

Sarcomere

A

segment from Z disc to Z disc

Functional contractile unit of muscle fiber

27
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A

Nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord that serve skeletal muscles

28
Q

Somatic Motor Fibers

A

their axons that lead to the skeletal muscle

29
Q

Motor Unit

A

one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it. Average motor unit contains 200 myofibrils

30
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

about −90 mV in skeletal muscle cells

Maintained by sodium–potassium pump

31
Q

ECF

A

Excess Na+

32
Q

ICF

A

Excess K+

33
Q

Excitation

A

Process in which nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials

34
Q

Excitation- Contraction Coupling

A

Events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract

35
Q

Contraction

A

Step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten

36
Q

Relaxation

A

When stimulation ends, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns to its resting length

A&P 1 (10 decks)

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