Chapter 1: Major Themes Of A&P Flashcards
Ventral
Toward the front or belly
Dorsal
Toward the back or spine
Anterior
Toward the ventral side
Posterior
Toward the dorsal side
Cephalic
Toward the head or superior end
Rostral
Toward the forehead or nose
Caudal
Toward the tail or inferior end
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
Superficial
Closer to the body surface
Deep
Farther from the body surface
Medical imaging
Viewing the inside of the body without surgery
Radiology
Branch of medicine concerned with imaging
Gross anatomy
Structures seen with the naked eye
Histology
Examination or study of tissues with a microscope
Histopathogy
Tissues with signs of disease
Cytology
Study of structure and function of cells
Ultra structure
View detail under electron microscope
Subdisciplines of physiology
Neurophysiology - nervous system
Endocrinology- hormones
Pathophysiology - disease
Reductionism
Large complex systems can be understood by studying their simpler components
Holism
Emergent properties of the whole organism can’t be predicted from the properties of separate parts
- healthcare providers must treat the whole person, not just a disease or organ system
Cellular composition
Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
Metabolism
Internal chemical reactions
Responsiveness
Ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)
Claude Bernard
Noted constant internal conditions
Walter Cannon
Coined the term homeostasis
Negative feedback
The body sense a change and “negates” or reverses it
Receptor
Structure that sense change in the body
Integrating control center
Processes sensory information, “makes a decision”, and directs the response
Effector
Cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
Positive feedback
Self amplifying cycle - leads to change in same direction, change produces more change, it loops
Gradient
A difference in chemical concentration
90% of medical terms come from…
Greek and Latin roots
Cell theory
All structure and function result from the activity of cells
Charles Darwin
First book origin of species by nat selection (1859) presented well supported theory of evolution
2nd book the descent of man (1871) Darwin addressed issue of human evolution
Evolution
The change in genetic composition of a population of organisms
Natural selection
The principle theory of how evolution works
- some individuals have hereditary advantages that allow them to produce more offspring
- selection pressures are forces like climate, predators, disease, competition and food
Adaptations
Features of an organism that have evolved in response to selection pressures
Hierarchy of complexity in the body
Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelles Molecules Atoms
Anabolism
Synthesis reactions
Catabolism
Breakdown reactions
Mutation
Change in DNA structure
Unity of form and function
Form and function compliment each other, physiology cannot be divorced from anatomy
