Chapter 7: Age- and Sex-Related Differences and Their Implications for Resistance Exercise

Question 1

Resistance Exercise

Answer 1

A specialized method of conditioning whereby an individual is working against a wide range of resistive loads to enhance health, fitness, and performance

Question 2

Childhood

Answer 2

A period of life before the development of secondary sex characteristics (e.g. pubic hair and reproductive organs)

Question 3

Adolescence

Answer 3

The period between childhood and adulthood

Question 4

Youth/Young Athlete

Answer 4

Refers to both children and adolescents

Question 5

Adulthood

Answer 5

-

Question 6

Senior/Older

Answer 6

Men and women over 65 years of age

Question 7

Growth

Answer 7

Refers to an increase in body size or a particular body part

Question 8

Development

Answer 8

Describes the natural progression from prenatal life to adulthood

Question 9

Maturation

Answer 9

Refers to the process of becoming mature and fully functional

Question 10

Puberty

Answer 10

• Refers to a period of time in which secondary sex characteristics develop and a child transitions to young adulthood
• Changes occur in body composition and the performance of physical skills

Question 11

Chronological Age

Answer 11

Age measured in months or years

Question 12

Biological Age

Answer 12

Age measured in terms of skeletal age, somatic (physique) maturity, or sexual maturation

Question 13

Is chronological or biological age better for defining stages of maturation? Why?

Answer 13

• Biological age
• With chronological age, there is a high degree of variation in the rates of growth and development, making it less accurate than biological age and harder to compare members of a group

Question 14

Menarche

Answer 14

The onset of menstruation

Question 15

What is the marker of sexual maturation for girls?

Answer 15

The onset of menstruation

Question 16

What is the best marker of sexual maturation for boys?

Answer 16

The appearance of pubic hair, facial hair, and deepening of the voice

Question 17

What is the gold standard for determining biological maturation?

Answer 17

Skeletal age assessment

Question 18

Ossification

Answer 18

Refers to the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts

Question 19

What is the best method for analyzing biological maturation for most practitioners

Answer 19

Somatic assessments

Question 20

Somatic Age

Answer 20

Reflects the degree of growth in overall stature or smaller subdimensions of the body

Question 21

Techniques for analyzing somatic age

Answer 21

• Longitudinal growth curve analysis
• Percentages and predictions of final adult height
• Prediction of age from peak height velocity (PHV)

Question 22

Prediction of age from peak height velocity (PHV)

Answer 22

• The age at maximum rate of growth during the pubertal growth spurt
• Young athletes may be at an increased risk of injury during this time
• Usually occurs around 12 in girls, 14 in boys

Question 23

Training Age

Answer 23

The length of time the child has consistently followed a formalized and supervised resistance training program

Question 24

Effect of increased testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor on boys

Answer 24

Increase in muscle mass and widening of the shoulders

Question 25

Effect of increased estrogen on girls

Answer 25

• Increased body fat deposition, breast development, and widening of the hips
• Increase in muscle mass occurs at a slower rate for girls because of the hormone differences

Question 26

Diaphysis

Answer 26

• The central shaft of a long bone

- Primary ossification center

Question 27

Growth Cartilage

Answer 27

• Located at 3 sites in the child: epiphyseal (growth) plate, the joint surface, and the apophyseal insertions of muscle-tendon units
• Secondary ossification center

Question 28

Mesomorphic

Answer 28

Muscular and broader shoulders

Question 29

Endomorphis

Answer 29

Rounder and broader hips

Question 30

Ectomorphic

Answer 30

Slender and tall

Question 31

Potential benefits of participating in a youth resistance program

Answer 31

• Increased muscular strength, power, and endurance
• Improved anatomic and psychosocial parameters
• Reduce injuries
• Improve motor skills and sport performance
• Decrease in body fat
• Improvements in insulin sensitivity
• Enhanced cardiac function among obese children and adolescents

Question 32

Osteoporosis

Answer 32

A clinical condition characterized by low bone mass and an increased susceptibility to fractures

Question 33

Important considerations for youth resistance training programs

Answer 33

• Quality of instruction

- Rate of progression

Question 34

Female Athlete Triad

Answer 34

• Refers to the interrelationships between energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density
• The triad is a health risk for female athletes who train for prolonged periods of time with insufficient caloric intake
• In these low energy states, osteoporosis and menstrual disorders are more likely

Question 35

Amenorrhea

Answer 35

• The absence of a menstrual cycle for more than 3 months
• Caused by a reduced secretion frequency of luteinizing hormone by the pituitary gland
• Can lead to bone stress fractures, endocrine and gastrointestinal complications, and decreased sports performance

Question 36

Osteopenia

Answer 36

A bone mineral density between -1 and -2.5 standard deviations of the young adult mean

Question 37

Osteoporosis

Answer 37

A bone mineral density below -2.5 SD of the young adult mean

Question 38

Sarcopenia

Answer 38

A loss of muscle mass and strength

Question 39

Preactivation

Answer 39

Muscle activity before contact with the ground

Question 40

Cocontraction

Answer 40

Muscle activity immediately following contact with the ground