Chapter 7: Age- and Sex-Related Differences and Their Implications for Resistance Exercise Flashcards
Resistance Exercise
A specialized method of conditioning whereby an individual is working against a wide range of resistive loads to enhance health, fitness, and performance
Childhood
A period of life before the development of secondary sex characteristics (e.g. pubic hair and reproductive organs)
Adolescence
The period between childhood and adulthood
Youth/Young Athlete
Refers to both children and adolescents
Adulthood
-
Senior/Older
Men and women over 65 years of age
Growth
Refers to an increase in body size or a particular body part
Development
Describes the natural progression from prenatal life to adulthood
Maturation
Refers to the process of becoming mature and fully functional
Puberty
- Refers to a period of time in which secondary sex characteristics develop and a child transitions to young adulthood
- Changes occur in body composition and the performance of physical skills
Chronological Age
Age measured in months or years
Biological Age
Age measured in terms of skeletal age, somatic (physique) maturity, or sexual maturation
Is chronological or biological age better for defining stages of maturation? Why?
- Biological age
- With chronological age, there is a high degree of variation in the rates of growth and development, making it less accurate than biological age and harder to compare members of a group
Menarche
The onset of menstruation
What is the marker of sexual maturation for girls?
The onset of menstruation
What is the best marker of sexual maturation for boys?
The appearance of pubic hair, facial hair, and deepening of the voice
What is the gold standard for determining biological maturation?
Skeletal age assessment
Ossification
Refers to the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts
What is the best method for analyzing biological maturation for most practitioners
Somatic assessments
Somatic Age
Reflects the degree of growth in overall stature or smaller subdimensions of the body
Techniques for analyzing somatic age
- Longitudinal growth curve analysis
- Percentages and predictions of final adult height
- Prediction of age from peak height velocity (PHV)
Prediction of age from peak height velocity (PHV)
- The age at maximum rate of growth during the pubertal growth spurt
- Young athletes may be at an increased risk of injury during this time
- Usually occurs around 12 in girls, 14 in boys
Training Age
The length of time the child has consistently followed a formalized and supervised resistance training program
Effect of increased testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor on boys
Increase in muscle mass and widening of the shoulders
Effect of increased estrogen on girls
- Increased body fat deposition, breast development, and widening of the hips
- Increase in muscle mass occurs at a slower rate for girls because of the hormone differences
Diaphysis
- The central shaft of a long bone
- Primary ossification center
Growth Cartilage
- Located at 3 sites in the child: epiphyseal (growth) plate, the joint surface, and the apophyseal insertions of muscle-tendon units
- Secondary ossification center
Mesomorphic
Muscular and broader shoulders
Endomorphis
Rounder and broader hips
Ectomorphic
Slender and tall
Potential benefits of participating in a youth resistance program
- Increased muscular strength, power, and endurance
- Improved anatomic and psychosocial parameters
- Reduce injuries
- Improve motor skills and sport performance
- Decrease in body fat
- Improvements in insulin sensitivity
- Enhanced cardiac function among obese children and adolescents
Osteoporosis
A clinical condition characterized by low bone mass and an increased susceptibility to fractures
Important considerations for youth resistance training programs
- Quality of instruction
- Rate of progression
Female Athlete Triad
- Refers to the interrelationships between energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density
- The triad is a health risk for female athletes who train for prolonged periods of time with insufficient caloric intake
- In these low energy states, osteoporosis and menstrual disorders are more likely
Amenorrhea
- The absence of a menstrual cycle for more than 3 months
- Caused by a reduced secretion frequency of luteinizing hormone by the pituitary gland
- Can lead to bone stress fractures, endocrine and gastrointestinal complications, and decreased sports performance
Osteopenia
A bone mineral density between -1 and -2.5 standard deviations of the young adult mean
Osteoporosis
A bone mineral density below -2.5 SD of the young adult mean
Sarcopenia
A loss of muscle mass and strength
Preactivation
Muscle activity before contact with the ground
Cocontraction
Muscle activity immediately following contact with the ground
