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Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist > Chapter 1: Structure and Function of Body Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A
  • Bones, joints, muscle, and tendons

- Allows a great variety of movements

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2
Q

Role of bones and muscle in movement

A
  • Muscles only pull

- Bones act as levers and transmit force on the environment

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3
Q

How many muscles are in the body?

A

~206 muscles in the body

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4
Q

Skeletal Divisions

A
  • Axial

- Appendicular

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5
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • Skull (cranium)
  • Vertebral column
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
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6
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Shoulder (pectoral) girdle (left and right scapula and clavicle)
  • Bones of the arms, wrists, and hands (Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
  • Pelvic girdle
  • Bones of the legs, ankles, and feet (Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
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7
Q

Joints

A

Junctions of bones

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8
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • Allows almost no movement

- Ex: sutures of the skull

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9
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • Allow limited movement

- Ex: intervertebral discs

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10
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • Allow considerable movement
  • Most important features are low friction and large ROM
  • Ex: Elbow and knee
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11
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Covers the articulating end of bones

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12
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Fluid filling the joint capsule

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13
Q

Joint rotation about an axis

A

Virtually all movement occurs about an axis

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14
Q

Uniaxial joint

A
  • Rotates about only 1 axis

- Ex: elbow

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15
Q

Biaxial joint:

A
  • Rotates about 2 axes

- Ex: Ankle and wrist

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16
Q

Multiaxial joint:

A
  • Allows movement in all 3 perpendicular planes of motion

- Ex: should and hip (ball & socket)

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17
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 3-5 coccygeal vertebrae
  • Separated by flexible discs allowing movement to occur
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18
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

An organ containing muscle and connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels

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19
Q

Tendon

A
  • Attached to bone periosteum
  • Connects muscle to bone
  • Contraction of muscle pulls on the tendon and, in turn, the bone
  • Connects to all connective tissue
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20
Q

Bone Periosteum

A

Specialized connective tissue covering all bones

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21
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the trunk

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22
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the trunk

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23
Q

Superior

A

Closer to the head

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24
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

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25
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Contains nuclei, mitochondria, and specialized organelles

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26
Q

Myofibril

A

Any of the elongated contractile threads known as myofilaments

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27
Q

Myofilament

A

Actin and myosin

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28
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Surrounds each muscle fiber and encloses the fiber’s cellular contents

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29
Q

Muscle fiber

A
  • Bundle of myofibrils

- Muscle cell

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30
Q

Endomysium

A

Wraps each muscle fiber/cell and separates it from neighboring fibers

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31
Q

Fasciculus

A

A bundle of muscle fibers

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32
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds a bundle of fibers

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33
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds the entire muscle then blends into the intramuscular tissue sheaths to form tendons

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34
Q

Skeletal Muscle Composition (deep to superficial)

A
  • Myofilaments combine to form…
  • Myofibrils combine to form…
  • Muscle fibers/cells combine to form…
  • Fasciculi combine to form…
  • Muscles
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35
Q

Skeletal Muscle Connective Tissue Organization

A
  • Myofibrils are surrounded by the sarcoplasm
  • Muscle fibers are bound by the sarcolemma
  • Muscle fibers are separated by endomysium
  • Fasciculi are bound by perimysium
  • Muscles are bound by epimysium
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36
Q

Types of myofibrils

A
  • Actin

- Myosin

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37
Q

Actin

A

2 strands arranged in a double helix

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38
Q

Myosin

A
  • Globular head
  • Hinge point
  • Fibrous tail
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39
Q

Cross-bridge

A

A pair of myosin filaments which interact with actin

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40
Q

Sarcomere

A

Smallest contractile unit of the skeletal muscle

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41
Q

I-band

A
  • Isotropic
  • Represents lighter area
  • Only actin is visible
  • Gets smaller with contraction
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42
Q

A-band

A
  • Anisotropic
  • Represents darker area
  • Actin and myosin overlap
  • Remains the same size during contraction
  • H-zone
  • M-band
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43
Q

H-zone

A
  • Center of A-band

- Area of A-band that only has myosin

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44
Q

M-band

A
  • Bisects H-zone

- Consists of protein structures that support arrangement of myosin filaments

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45
Q

Z-line

A
  • Bisects I-band

- Adheres to sarcolemma to provide structural stability

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46
Q

Thin Filament

A
  • Actin
  • Troponin
  • Tropomyosin
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47
Q

Thick Filament

A

Myosin

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48
Q

Sliding-Filament Theory of Muscular Contraction

A

Actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere

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49
Q

Phases of the Sliding-Filament Theory of Muscular Contraction

A
  • Resting phase
  • Excitation-contraction coupling phase
  • Contraction phase
  • Recharge phase
  • Relaxation phase
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50
Q

Resting Phase

A
  • Little calcium is present in the myofibril
  • Most calcium is stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Tension occurs when the actin binding site is exposed
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51
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase

A
  • Before cross-bridge cycle can occur, myosin needs to attach to the actin filament
52
Q

Troponin

A

Binding site for calcium

53
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Protein running the length of actin, which covers the binding site for the myosin heads

54
Q

Contraction Phase

A
  • Energy for pulling comes from the breakdown of ATP –> ADP + P
  • Reaction catalyzed by myosin ATPase
  • As long as calcium is available to bind to tropinin, ATP will replace ADP to continue the cross-bridge cycle for contraction
  • Relaxation occurs when calcium is no longer available
55
Q

Recharge Phase

A

Muscle shortening only occurs when calcium is available in the myofibril

56
Q

Relaxation Phase

A
  • Relaxation occurs when motor nerve stimulation stops
  • Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Actin and myosin return to their unbound state, inducing relaxation
57
Q

Steps of Muscle Contraction

A

1) Binding of myosin to actin (ADP + P)
- Inorganic phosphate is released
2) Power stroke (ADP)
- Actin gets pulled toward the middle of the sarcomere
- ADP is released
3) Rigor (myosin is in low-energy form)
- New ATP binds to myosin head
4) Unbinding of myosin and actin
- ATP is hydrolyzed
5) Cocking of the myosin head (myosin is in high-energy form) (ADP + P)
6) Repeat

58
Q

Motor Unit

A

A nerve and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

59
Q

What kind of actions does a small motor unit perform?

A

Precise movements

60
Q

What kind of actions does a large motor unit perform?

A

Gross, powerful movements

61
Q

Action Potential

A
  • Electric current flowing along a motor neuron
  • Does NOT directly stimulate the muscle
  • Muscle excitation occurs via chemical transmission
62
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Neurotransmitter released when action potential reaches neuromuscular junction
  • AP excites the sarcolemma –> calcium is released
  • When enough ACh is released, an AP is released along the sarcolemma and causes contraction
63
Q

All-or-None Principle

A

When an action potential causes a twitch, all muscle fibers innervated by the nerve contract maximally

64
Q

Twitch

A

The brief contraction that occurs as a result of an action potential

65
Q

Tetanus

A

Phenomenon that occurs when twitches are close enough together that they merge and completely fuse

66
Q

Slow-Twitch Muscle Fiber

A

Type I

  • Generally efficient
  • Fatigue-resistant
  • High capacity for aerobic supply
  • Limited potential for rapid force development
  • Low myosin ATPase activity
  • Low anaerobic power
67
Q

Fast-Twitch Muscle Fiber

A
  • Generally inefficient
  • Susceptible to fatigue
  • Low capacity for aerobic supply
  • High potential for rapid force development
  • High myosin ATPase activity
  • High anaerobic power
68
Q

Type IIa Fast-Twitch Muscle Fiber

A
  • Greater capacity for aerobic metabolism

- More capillaries surrounding them –> greater resistance to fatigue

69
Q

Type IIx Fast-Twitch Muscle Fiber

A
  • Least capable of aerobic metabolism

- Few capillaries surrounding them –> highly susceptible to fatigue

70
Q

What kind of muscle fibers perform postural function?

A

Generally type I

71
Q

What kind of muscle fibers perform locomotor functions?

A

Mix of type I and II

72
Q

Proprioceptors

A
  • Specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, and tendons
  • Sensitive to pressure and tension
  • Relay info to conscious and subconscious areas of the brain
73
Q

Kinesthetic Sense

A

Conscious appreciation of bodily position

74
Q

How is proprioceptive info processed?

A

Most proprioceptive info is processed subconsciously so we don’t have to dedicate conscious thought to activity such as moving or maintaining posture

75
Q

Types of proprioceptors

A
  • Muscle spindles

- Golgi tendon organs

76
Q

Muscle Spindles

A
  • Modified muscle fibers within the body of the muscle

- Provides info regarding muscle length and the rate of change in muscle length

77
Q

Intrafusal Fibers

A
  • Modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue
  • Runs parallel to normal fibers
78
Q

Extrafusal Fibers

A

Normal muscle fibers

79
Q

How do muscle spindles work?

A

When the muscle lengthens, spindles are also stretched, causing the activation of motor neurons in the same muscle

80
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

A
  • Located in tendons near the myotendinous junction
  • Attached in a series with extrafusal fibers
  • When GTOs are activated, the same muscle is inhibited
81
Q

Heart

A
  • 2 pumps, each with 2 chambers
  • Atrium
  • Ventricle
82
Q

Atrium

A

Delivers blood to the ventricle

83
Q

Ventricle

A

Provide the main force for moving blood through the pulmonary and peripheral circulations (right and left)

84
Q

Valves of the heart

A
  • Atrioventricular

- Semilunar

85
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A
  • Tricuspid
  • Mitral (bicuspid)
  • Prevents bloodflow back into the atria during ventricular contraction (systole)
86
Q

Semilunar Valves

A
  • Aortic
  • Pulmonary
  • Prevents backflow from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
87
Q

Parts of the conduction system

A
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node
  • Internodal pathways
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node
  • Atrioventricular (AV) bundle
  • Left/right bundles
88
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

A
  • Intrinsic pacemaker

- Rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated here

89
Q

Internodal Pathways

A

Conducts the impulse from the SA node to the atrioventricular node

90
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

A
  • Impulse is delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles
  • Allows the atria to contract before the ventricles
91
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle

A

Conducts the impulse to the ventricles

92
Q

Left/Right Bundles

A
  • Divide further into the Purkinje fibers

- Conducts impulses into all parts of the ventricles

93
Q

Myocardium

A

Heart muscle

94
Q

Cardiovascular center of the medulla

A
  • Influences the rhythmicity and conduction properties of the myocardium
  • Connected to both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
95
Q

Bradycardia

A

Less than 60 bpm

96
Q

Tachycardia

A

More than 100 bpm

97
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Graph depicting the electrical activity of the heart

98
Q

Parts of an ECG

A
  • P-wave
  • QRS complex
  • T-wave
99
Q

What is occurring during the P-wave/QRS complex

A

Depolarization

100
Q

What is occurring during the T-wave

A

Repolarization

101
Q

Components of the circulatory systems

A
  • Arterial system

- Venous system

102
Q

Arterial System

A

Carries blood away from the heart

103
Q

Venous System

A

Carries blood to the heart

104
Q

Types of blood vessels

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
105
Q

Arteries

A
  • Transports blood away from the heart

- Have strong muscular walls

106
Q

Arterioles

A

Small branches of arteries that act as control vessels through which the blood enters the capillaries

107
Q

Capillaries

A

Facilitate the exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances

108
Q

Venules

A

Collects blood from the capillaries, and gradually converge into veins

109
Q

Veins

A

Transports blood back to the heart

110
Q

Main functions of blood

A
  • Transport oxygen from lungs to the tissues

- Remove carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

111
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • An iron-protein molecule carried by red blood cells
  • Accomplishes oxygen transportation
  • Also acts as an acid-base buffer
112
Q

Red blood cells

A

Major component of blood

113
Q

Primary function of the respiratory system

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

114
Q

Function of nasal cavities

A

Warming, humidifying, and purifying the air

115
Q

Path of air through the body

A

Trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli

116
Q

Trachea

A

First generation respiratory passage

117
Q

Bronchi

A
  • Right and left

- Second generation respiratory passage

118
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • Additional generations of respiratory passages

- ~23 generations before reaching the alveoli

119
Q

Alveoli

A

Where gases are exchanged

120
Q

Methods by which gases are exchanged

A
  • Diaphragmic breathing

- Chest breathing

121
Q

Diaphragmic Breathing

A
  • Normal, quiet breathing
  • Contraction of the diaphragm creates a negative pressure in the chest cavity, drawing air into the lungs
  • During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes
  • Abdominal muscles need to contract during heavy breathing to force airflow
122
Q

Chest Breathing

A

-

123
Q

Pleural Pressure

A

The pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest wall

124
Q

Pleura

A

Membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the chest walls

125
Q

Alveolar Pressure

A

The pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs

126
Q

Diffusion

A

Simple random motion of molecules moving from high to low concentration

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