Chapter 1: Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards
Musculoskeletal System
- Bones, joints, muscle, and tendons
- Allows a great variety of movements
Role of bones and muscle in movement
- Muscles only pull
- Bones act as levers and transmit force on the environment
How many muscles are in the body?
~206 muscles in the body
Skeletal Divisions
- Axial
- Appendicular
Axial Skeleton
- Skull (cranium)
- Vertebral column
- Ribs
- Sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
- Shoulder (pectoral) girdle (left and right scapula and clavicle)
- Bones of the arms, wrists, and hands (Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
- Pelvic girdle
- Bones of the legs, ankles, and feet (Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
Joints
Junctions of bones
Fibrous joints
- Allows almost no movement
- Ex: sutures of the skull
Cartilaginous joints
- Allow limited movement
- Ex: intervertebral discs
Synovial joints
- Allow considerable movement
- Most important features are low friction and large ROM
- Ex: Elbow and knee
Hyaline cartilage
Covers the articulating end of bones
Synovial fluid
Fluid filling the joint capsule
Joint rotation about an axis
Virtually all movement occurs about an axis
Uniaxial joint
- Rotates about only 1 axis
- Ex: elbow
Biaxial joint:
- Rotates about 2 axes
- Ex: Ankle and wrist
Multiaxial joint:
- Allows movement in all 3 perpendicular planes of motion
- Ex: should and hip (ball & socket)
Vertebral Column
- 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 3-5 coccygeal vertebrae
- Separated by flexible discs allowing movement to occur
Skeletal Muscle
An organ containing muscle and connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels
Tendon
- Attached to bone periosteum
- Connects muscle to bone
- Contraction of muscle pulls on the tendon and, in turn, the bone
- Connects to all connective tissue
Bone Periosteum
Specialized connective tissue covering all bones
Proximal
Closer to the trunk
Distal
Farther from the trunk
Superior
Closer to the head
Inferior
Away from the head