Chapter 7

Question 1

are the main component of the adaptive immune response

Answer 1

lymphocytes

Question 2

healing
________: wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss
-original tissue structure and function have been ________

Answer 2

primary intention

restored

Question 3

aging and mechanisms of self defense

impaired or delayed inflammation is likely a result of _______

• _____ and ______ among many others
• ______ may interfere with wound healing
• infections are more common in _______
• ______, ______, and ____ are often affected
• older adults have diminished _______
• expression and function of several, if not all, ______ are decreased

Answer 3

chronic illness
diabetes, cardiovascular diseases
medications
older adults
lungs, bladder, and skin
immune function
TLRs

Question 4

provide the defense against parasites and regulate _____ mediators
-help control ______ effects of inflammation

Answer 4

eosinophils

vascular

Question 5

______ during reconstructive phase

• impaired _____ matrix assembly
• causes: ________
• __________: collagen matrix assembly
• ______ scar

impaired ________- best clean solution ________
-antiinflammatory ____, ______, and ________

impaired _______
-________: results from excessive _____ derived tension

Answer 5

dysfunction
collagen 
malnutrition
keloid scar
hypertrophic 
epithelialization
normal saline
steroids, hypoxemia, nutritional deficiencies
contraction
contractures
myofibroblast

Question 6

endothelial cells produce ________ and _______

• maintain blood flow and pressure and inhibit platelet activation
• NO maintaints vascular tone

Answer 6

nitric oxide
prostacyclin (
PGI2

Question 7

first line of defense

• _________ barriers
• synthesize and secrete substances to trap or destroy microorganisms
• antibacterial peptides in ____, ____, saliva, tears, ear wax

antimicrobial peptides
-cathelicidins, defensins in _____ granules and collectins (lungs)

normal microbiome

• inhibits colonization by pathogens, releases chemicals that prevent infection
• vaginal: lactobacillus
• intestinal: ammonia, phenols, and indoles

Answer 7

biochemical
sweat, mucus
neutrophils

Question 8

recognize and elimate cells that are infected with viruses and cancer cells in the blood

Answer 8

NK cells

Question 9

resolution and repair

_______: most favorable outcome
________: returning injured tissue to the original structure and function
_______:
-nonfunctioning ___ tissue replaces destroyed tissue
______: primarily composted of ____ to restore the tensile _____ of tissue

Answer 9

regeneration
resolution
repair
scar
scar tissue
collagen
tensile

Question 10

wound begins to heal

• healing begins __ to __ days after injury and continues for __ weeks
• the role of ________ occurs during this phase of wound healing
• synthesize and secrete ____ and the _____ proteins
• ______: cells from healthy tissue grow into wound
• wound contracts through actions of _______
• cellular ______ occurs

Answer 10

reconstruction phase
3, 4
2 
fibroblast proliferation
collagen
connective tissue
epithelialization
myofibroblasts
differetitation

Question 11

are cellular fragments, formed from megakarycytes
also called ___________
activation stops ______ and ________
contain alpha and dense granules

Answer 11

platelets
thrombocytes
bleeding, degranulation

Question 12

a proinflammatyory cytokine that causes fever

Answer 12

IL 1

Question 13

nitric oxide

effects of NO on inflammation include ________ by inducing relaxation of vascular __________, a response that is ____ and _______, and suppressing ______ function as well as platelet _______ and _______

Answer 13

vasodilation
smooth muscle
local 
short lived
mast cell
adhesion 
aggregation

Question 14

are produced primarily by ______ and ______ in response to a microoorganisms or stimulation by other products of inflammation

• help regulate _______
• many _____ exist

Answer 14

interleukins (ILs)
macrophages
lymphocytes
inflammation
types

Question 15

produced in the bone marrow, enter circulation, migrate to the inflammatory site, and develop into macrophages
-are precursors to ______ in tissues

Answer 15

monocytes

macrophages

Question 16

healing

_______: wounds that require significantly more tissue replacement

• _______
• wounds that cause ___ formation

Answer 16

secondary intention
open wound
scar

Question 17

proinflammatory cytokine that helps with healing

Answer 17

IL 6

Question 18

systematic manifestations of inflammation

_____: can be caused by exogenous and endogenuous (__) pyrogens
-acts directly on the ______
______: increased numbers of circulating ______
-left shift, increase in ____ cells (bands)
increased __________:
-____ phase reactants
-______, ________, ______, ______, and _______

Answer 18

fever
IL 1
hypothalamus
leukocytosis
leukocytes
immature
plasma protein synthesis
acute
C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, amyloid A, and ceruloplasmin

Question 19

is an antiinflammatory cytokine

Answer 19

transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B)

Question 20

are larger than monocytes, are more active than phagocytes, and are important cellular initiators of inflammation; they help in _______
-activation results in increased phagocytic activity, size, plasma membrane area, glucose metabolism, and number of lysosomes; they prodominate in late inflammation

Answer 20

macrophages

wound healing

Question 21

anti inflammatory cytokine

Answer 21

IL 10

Question 22

local manifestations of inflammation

result from ______ changes and corresponding _______ of circulating components into the tissue

• _____: from vasodilation and ______ blood flow
• _______: vasodilation and _____ blood flow
• _______: increased capillary _______ causes the edema. from ____ accumulations and fluid from increased _____
• _______: from pressure exerted by _____ accumulations, ______, and ______
• loss of _____: may also occur

Answer 22

vascular 
leakage
heat
increased
redness
increased
swelling
permeability
exudate
permeability
pain
exudate
prostaglandins
bradykinins
function

Question 23

phagocytes:

are also referred to as ___________
predominate in ____ inflammatory responses
-ingest ______, ______, and cellular _____
-are ___ lived and become components of the ________ (pus)

primary roles

• removal of ____ in sterile lesions
• _______ of bacteria in nonsterile lesions

Answer 23

neutrophils
polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
early
bacteria, dead cells, cellular debris
short
purulent exudate
debris
phagocytosis

Question 24

phagocytosis steps
1. _________ or recognition - phagocytes gain enhanced recognize and adhere to the ______ (“glue” between the phagocyte and target cell by ___ making the foreign cell more suseptible to phagocytosis and adherence

2. ______ - microorganisms are ingested
   - small ______ surround adherent microorganism
3. _______ :intracellular phagocytic _____ is formed
4. ____ - lysosomal granules enter the phagocyte
   - creates a ________
5. ______ of the target - microoorganisms are killed and ingested
   - uses primary and secondary ________

Answer 24

opsonization
bacteria
C3b
engulfment
pseudopods
phagosome
vacuole
fusion
phagolysosome
destruction
granules