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PA-S: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

disorders of the adrenal medulla

hyperfunction
_____ of adrenal medulla
-_________

A

tumor

pheochromocytoma

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2
Q

If there is pressure exerted by a pituitary tumor

If the tumor exerts sufficient pressure, then ______ and _______ hypofunction may occur because of lack of _____ and _____

These result in the symptoms of _______ and _______

A

thyroid, adrenal
TSH, ACTH
hypothyroidism
hypocortisolism

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3
Q

Diabetes insipidus (cont’d)
Treatment
______: This form of diabetes insipidus (DI) is ______ with exogenous antidiuretic hormone ADH Administration of the synthetic vasopressin analog desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)

________: this form of diabetic insipidus (DI) will result if the target cells for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the renal collecting tubules demonstrate _______

A

neurogenic
treatable
nephrogenic
insensitivity

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4
Q

diabetic nephropathy

Most common cause of end-stage kidney disease in the Western world

________- The first laboratory test that indicates type 1 diabetes is causing the development of diabetic nephropathy

A

microalbuinuria

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5
Q 
posterior pit
clinical manifestations lab values:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:  Sodium <135 mEq/L
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: <280 mOsm/kg
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Higher than serum osmolality
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Serum sodium levels below \_\_\_ to \_\_\_ mEq/L: Can cause severe and sometimes irreversible \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ damage
A 
hyponatremia
hypoosmolality
urine hyperosmolality
hypervolemia
weight gain
110, 115
neurologic
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6
Q

diabetes insipidus and SIADH both present with

A

excessive thirst

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7
Q

diseases of anterior pit

_________
Commonly from benign, slow-growing pituitary adenoma

Clinical manifestations

  • Headache and fatigue
  • Visual changes-pressure of the tumor on the _______
  • ______ of pituitary from tumor
  • ______ of neighboring anterior pituitary hormones
A

hyperpituitarism
optic chiasm
hypersecretion
hyposecretion

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8
Q

alterations of thyroid function
Rare but life threatening within 48 hours if not treated.
Results from excessive stress

clinical manifestations:
1
2 \_\_\_\_\_ especially \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3
4 \_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_
5
6
A

Hyperthermia; tachycardia, especially atrial tachydysrhythmias; high-output heart failure; agitation or delirium; and nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

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9
Q

hyponatremia:

_______ is under hyponatremia

A

SIADH

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10
Q

type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance
-Response of insulin-sensitive tissues (especially ____, _____, and ______ tissue ) to insulin is suboptimal.
-______ makes one prone to insulin resistance.

treatment:

A

liver, muscle, adipose tissue
obesity
hypoglycemics

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11
Q

chronic complications of diabetes

microvascular disease
1
2
3

macrovascular disease
1
2
3

A 
diabetic retinopathy
diabetic nephropathy
diabetic neuropathies
coronary artery disease
stroke
peripheral arterial disease
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12
Q

diseases of the anterior pit

Hypopituitarism (cont’d)
_________- a lack of all hormones associated with the anterior pituitary is:
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency
Cortisol deficiency

-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency
Altered metabolism

-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) deficiency
Lack of secondary sex characteristics

-Growth hormone (GH) deficiency
Lack of growth in children

A

Panhypopituitarism

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13
Q

gestational diabetes

if the gestational diabetes melliitus develops, then the risk for type __ diabetes increases

A

2

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14
Q

Visual disturbances are a result of ________

Due to the pressure of the tumor on the _________!!!!

A

pituitary adenoma

optic chiasm

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15
Q

diseases of post pit
Diabetes insipidus-Sodium levels are _____..
-Insufficiency of _____
-_____and _____
-Partial or total inability to concentrate the ______

Neurogenic
-Insufficient amounts of ____

Nephrogenic
-Insensitivity of the _____________s to ADH

Dipsogenic
-_______ fluid intake ________ plasma osmolarity to the point that it falls below the threshold for ADH secretion

A 
high
ADH
polyuria, polydipsia
urine
ADH
renal collective tubules
excessive
lowering
excessive
lowering
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16
Q

alterations of thyroid function

Primary hypothyroidism
-A deficiency of chemical: ______ deficiency ( ______): Most common worldwide

A

iodine

endemic goiter

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17
Q

CHART for diseases of post pit
functioning: hypofunction
antidiuretic hormone effects:
examples of diseases:

A 
too little
Diabetes insipidus
Neurogenic
Nephrogenic
Dipsogenic
18
Q 
posterior pit
clinical manifestations
1
2
3
4 decreased \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
5 concentrated \_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
lethargy
hyponatremia
seizure
plasma osmolarity
concentrated urine
19
Q 
diseases of post pit
Diabetes insipidus (cont’d)

Lab Clinical manifestations

  • _____, _____ continual ______
  • Low _______ gravity: <1.010
  • Low urine ______ (<200 mOsml/kg)
  • ________

Clinical manifestations
-_______, _____, _____, _____increased ________, large volume of _____ urine

The basic criteria for diagnosing DI include a ___ urine-specific gravity while sodium levels are ____

A

polyuria, nocturia, thirst
urine specific
osmolality
hypernatremia

polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, hypernatremia, plasma osmlality
dilute
low
high

20
Q

Microvascular Disease is a result
characteristics
-Microvascular complications are a result of capillary basement membranes ____ and _____cell _____

A

thickening
endothelial
hyperplasia

21
Q

CHART for diseases of post pit
functioning: hyperfunction
antidieuretic hormone effects:
examples of diseases:

A

too much

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion

22
Q

cushing disease and cushing syndrome
Cushing disease
Hypersecretion of ____ by a pituitary adenoma

A

ACTH

23
Q

alterations of parathyroid function
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
-Increase in ___, secondary to a chronic ______
Chronic _______

A

PTH
disease
renal failure

24
Q 
cushing disease or and c ushing syndrome clinical manifestations
1
2
3
4
A

acne
easy bruising
thin extremities
truncal obesity

25
Q

addison disease

hypersecretion of ________ hormones

A

adrenal cortex

26
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus
why polyuria???
______ accumulates in the blood and appears in the urine as the renal threshold for glucose is exceeded, producing an osmotic _____ and the symptoms of ____and ____

A

glucose
dieuresis
polyuria
thirst

27
Q

hypoglycemia

  • lowered _____ level
  • newborns: less than _
  • children and adults: less than __ to __

clinical manifestations
_______, ______, _____, ______, _______, decreased level of ______, perhaps ______

A 
plasm glucose
35
45, 60
tachycardia
diaphoresis
tremor
pallor
confusion
consciousness
seizure
28
Q

diseases of the anterior pit

Hypersecretion of GH
_______
-GH hypersecretion in children and adolescents because the the ________ have not yet closed.

_______- Hypersecretion of growth hormone

  • Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
  • Slowly progressive __________
    1. Co-morbid conditions: Cardiac _______; _______; _______; type _ diabetes mellitus, leading to __________
    2. Other malignancies: Common
A 
giantism
epiphyseal plates
acromegaly
pituitary adenoma
hypertrophy
hypertension
atherosclerosis
2
coronary artery disease
29
Q

diabetic rietinopathy
is the leading cause of blindness

Retinopathy develops in patients with diabetes mellitus because of progressive process that accompanies retinal capillary ______, vessel _____, rential ______ and red blood cell _______occurs.

A

permeability
occlusion
ischemia
aggregation

30
Q

alterations of thyroid function

Hyperthyroid condition: Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone- ______ disease

Cause is an ________disease; develops autoantibodies. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin that causes _______ of thyroid hormones.

A

graves disease
autoimmune
overproduction

31
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion
Levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are abnormally high.
_______ secretion of ADH is the most common cause; is also common after _____ and some ______
Water ______ and ________: Action of ADH on renal collecting ducts increases their _______ to water, thus increasing water _______ by the kidneys.

A 
ectopic
surgery
cancers
retention
dilutional hyponatremia
permeability
reabsorption
32
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis
clinical manifestations
______, decreased level of _______, ______ breathing, ______ smell breath, ________, decreased __, ______, _______

A 
polyuria
conscious
kussmaul 
acetone
hyperglycemia
pH
ketonuria
glycosuria
33
Q

Graves disease

The level of ___ in individuals with Graves disease is usually ___

_____ of the neck of a person diagnosed with Graves disease would detect a thyroid that is diffusely ____

A

TSH
low
palpation
enlarged

34
Q

Hypoglycemia caused by ______ exercise

______, _______, ______, ____, ______, and _______.

The most probable cause of these symptoms is hypoglycemia, which is often caused by a lack of ______glucose as a result of muscular activity.

A 
increased
hunger
lightheadedness
tachycardia
pallor
headache
confusion
systemic
35
Q 
hyperaldosteronism
Primary (\_\_\_\_ disease, primary aldosteronism)-Hypersecretion of aldoestrone
A

conn

36
Q

diseases of post pit
Diabetes insipidus

Is characterized by the inability of the kidney to increase ______ to water.

  • Excretion of large volumes of ____ urine
  • Increase in plasma osmolality: ____ mOsm or more, depending on adequate water intake
  • Urine output: _ to _L/day; normal output: _ to _ L/day
A 
permeability
dilute
300
8, 12
1,2
37
Q

alterations in thyroid function
hypothyroidism

diagnosis is with _____ - _____________

clinical manifestations:
-___ basal metabolic rate , decreased ____, ___intolerance,_____, ______, _____, and slightly lowered ___body temperature; also possible ______ hypertension

-________- Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone

A 
fine-need aspiration biopsy
low
heart rate
cold
constipation
lethargy
tiredness
basal
diastolic
myxedema
38
Q

hypoparathyroidism

usual cause - MCC is parathyroid damage in thyroid ______

Clinical manifestations:

  • ______ spasms; _________; ________ seizures; ______ spasms; death from _________
  • _______ and ______ signs
A 
surgery
muscle spasms
hyperreflexia
tonic-clonic
asphyxiation
chvostek
trousseau
39
Q 
diseases of the anterior pit
Hypersecretion of prolactin
Caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Most common \_\_\_\_\_\_ active pituitary tumor
In women: 
1
2
3
4

In men:
1
2

A 
prolactinomas
hormonally
amenorrhea
galactorrhea
hirsutism
osteoporosis
hypogonadism
erectile dysfunction
40
Q

hypoglycemics medications:

I. Biguanide (metformin)- decreases _____ glucose production and increases _____ sensitivity and _______glucose uptake

II. Meglitinides (glinides)- increase _____from the pancreas

III. Sulfonylureas (glyburide)-increase ____ from the pancreas

IV. a-Glycosidase inhibitor (miglitol)- ____ the glucose in the ______ lining.

A 
hepatic
insulin
peripheral
insulin
insulin
block
intestinal

PA-S: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (18 decks)

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