chapter 25 Flashcards
hormonal and menstrual alterations
Classifications: Compartments I through IV
Compartment I: Disorders of the _____ tract or ______ target organ
Compartment II: Disorders of an ____
Compartment III: Disorders of the _________
Compartment IV: Disorders of ___ or ______ factors
outflow tract, uterine ovary anterior pituitary gland CNS hypothalamic
secondary amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation for a time equivalent to three or more cycles or 6 months in women who have previously menstruated
causes:
_______
which is failure to _________
anovulation
ovulate
hormonal and menstrual alterations
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
-_____ or ______ bleeding without disease
-________
clinical manifestations:
the passage of large ____, and the depletion of _______
-DUB, secondary to ______ dysfunction, is a result of either _______ deficiency or unopposed _______ excess
heavy ireggular perimenopause clots iron stores ovarian progesterone estrogen
Polycystic ovary syndrome (has at least two of the following signs):
-______or ______
Elevated levels of ______
Clinical signs of_______ and polycystic ovaries
Leading cause of _____ in the United States
those with syndrome have a __ times greater chance of ____ cancer later in life
oligoovulation, anovulation androgens hyperandrogenism polycystic infertility three uterine
PMS
treatment: hormonal cycle regulation and the use of ________________ (___), antidepressents, counseling
selective serotonin uptake inhibitors
SSRI’s
Contracting PID increases the risk of uterine cancer.
PID infection results in _____ changes to the ciliated epithelium of the ____ tubes. A recent study has found that one episode of mild, subclinical PID resulted in a 40% decrease in later pregnancy rates, and multiple episodes of PID further increase the risk of infertility. Scarring caused by PID greatly increases the risk of a later _______ by up to _____. Scarring and adhesions also can result in chronic pelvic pain and, potentially, an increased risk of later _______
permanent uterine ectopic pregnancy tenfold uterine cancer
Uterine prolapse
Cervix or entire uterus descends into the vaginal canal.
Treatment
-_____: Placement of a removable mechanical device that holds the uterus in position
-______ exercises: Repetitive isometric tightening and relaxing of the pubococcygeal muscles
-______ therapy in menopausal women
-Maintain a healthy ___, prevent ______, and treat _______
Surgical repair with or without a ________
pessary kegal estrogen BMI, constipation, chronic cough hysterectomy
degree of uterine prolapse
grade 0- normal position no prolapse
grade 1 - descent halfway to the _______
grade 2- prolapse reaches the _____
grade 3: descent halfway __ the hymen
hymen
hymen
past
pelvic organ prolapse
_______ is the only term used to identify the descent of a portion of the posterior bladder wall and ______ into the vaginal canal; the trauma of ______ is usually the cause.
______-is the bulging of the _____ and posterior vaginal wall in to the vaginal canal
cystocele trigone childbirth rectocele rectum
Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions
benign ovarian cysts
are unilateral
Are produced when follicle(s) are ______but no dominant follicle develops and reaches _______
stimulated
maturity
Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions
_________: Myomas or _____ fibroids
Are benign tumors of smooth muscle cells in the ________
The size of benign uterine tumors, such as leiomyomas, is thought to be caused by the influence _______, ______and _______
leiomyomas uterine myometrium progesterone estrogen growth
________
Is functioning endometrial tissue or implants outside the uterus.
Responds to hormone fluctuations of the menstrual cycle.
clinical manifestations:
- ________
- _______
possible causes
It has been proposed that endometriosis is caused by the implantation of endometrial ___ during _____ menstruation, during which menstrual fluids move through the fallopian tubes and empty into the _______
Endometrial tissue passes through the fallopian tubes and into the peritoneal cavity and remains responsive to ________
endometriosis infertility dysmenorrhea cells retrograde pelvic cavity hormones
cervical cancer is almost . excuslively caused by _______
cervical cancer in situ
The progressive neoplastic changes of cervical cells are classified on a continuum from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (dysplasia) to cervical carcinoma ____(full epithelial thickness of the cervix is involved), which is generally a precursor of invasive carcinoma of the___ to invasive carcinoma of the ______
HPV
in situ
cervix
cervical tissue
ovarian cancer
risk factors:
early _______, late _______, ______ and use of fertility ______
early menarche
late menopause
nulliparity
drugs
Is the inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse with the same partner
infertility
