Chapter 36 Flashcards
signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease
______ and _______ !!!!!!!!!!!!!
pulmonary diseaase is associated with many signs and symptoms, and their specific characteristics often help in identifying the underlying disorder
the most common characteristics are:
dyspnea
cough
_________: subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing
severe -flaring of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -use of accessory \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of respiration -retraction of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on exertion: shortness of breath with activity
_______: sitting up in a ______ leaning position generally relieves this type of breathing
-supporing the upper body on several _______
dyspnea nostrils muscles intercostal spaces orthopnea forward pillows
___________: alveolar ventilation is inadequate in relationship with the metabolic demands
- leads to __________ from _________ which is high ___ levels
- is caused by airway _________, _______ restriction, or altered ________ control of breathign
hypoventilation respiratory acidosis hypercapnea CO2 obstruction chest wall neurologic
__________: alveolar ventilation exceeds the metabolic demands
- leads to __________ from _______ which is low ___ levels
- is caused by _______, ________, or severe _________
hyperventilation respiratory alkalosis hypocapnia CO2 anxiety, head injury, hypoxemia
the selective bulbous enlargement of the end (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ segment) of a digit and is commonly associated with diseases that interfere with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ such as: 1 2 3 4 5
clubbing distal oxygenation brochiectasis cystic fibrosis pulmonary fibrosis lung abscess Congenital heart disease
PaO2 - oxygenation of _______
PAO2- the amount of oxygen in the ______
- The ____________ is the measure of the difference between the alveolar concentration of ________
and the arterial concentration of _______. It is used in diagnosing the source of _________ - Meausurement helps isolate the location of the problem as either _______(within the ____) or _________(somewhere else in the body
arterial blood alveoli alveolar-arterial gradient oxygen oxgygen hypoxemia intrapulmonary, lungs extrapulmonary
reduced oxygenation of cells in tissues
hypoxia
reduced oxygenation of arterial blood (reduced by _______) is caused by ___________
- diffusion of oxygen through the __________ membrane is impaired if it is _________ or if the _______ available for diffusion is decreased
- ____________ and __________ cause hypooxemia by the mechanism of abnormal thickness, as occurs with __________(swelling), and pulmonary fibrosis (formation of _________), increases the _____ required for diffusion across the alveolarycapillary membrane so bottom line this causes impairing of the alveolar capillary membrane _______
hypoxemia PaO2 respiratory alternation alveolocapilarry thickened surface area pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis fibrous lesions time diffusion
pleural abnormalities
___________
-presence of fluid in the pleural space
_________
-is watery and diffuses out of the _________
________
-is less watery and contains high concentrations of ________ and _______
________: chyle exudate
_______: blood exudate
clinical manifestations: _______ and ______ pain
treatment: ________, _______ and _______
pleural effusion transudative effusion capillaries exudative effusion WBC and plasma proteins chylothorax hemothorax dyspnea, pleural thoracentesis chest tube surgery
exudative effusion
- contains high concentrations of WBBCs and may occur in response to an _________ process
- the presence of a __________ can trigger exudative effusion
- result of increased ______________
inflammatory
malignant cancer
capillary permeability
empyema
- _______ pleural effusion
- ______ in the pleural space - causes pulmonary infections (_______,, ________) infected ______
clinical manifestations:
-_____, ____, ______(rapid heart rate), ______, and ________
treatment:
-administration of __________ meds
-drainage of the _________ with a ________
-severe cases: _________ guided pleural drainage, instillation of ________ agents, or ______ injected in the pleural space
infected pus pneumonia, abscesses wounds cyanosis, fever, tachycardia, cough, pleural pain antimicrobial pleural space, chest tube ultrasound fibrinolytic DNAse
restrictive lung diseases restrict the lung ________
the lungs are unable to _____ normally diminishing the amount of ___ that can be inspired
volume
expand
gas
obstructive lung diseases affect ________
airflowinto and out of the lung is obstructed
increased ________ to air flow caused by _______ of airways
gas flow
resistance
narrowing
CXR abnormalities terms
_______ and _______ - air trapping in the alveoli and airways
_________ or _________: consolidation of the lung tissue
__________ or ________: cavities
_______: nodular
asthma, emphysema
pneumonia, pulmonary edema
abscesses or TB
lung cancer
a loss of lung volume caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of alveoli and subsequent \_\_\_\_\_\_ of the part of the lung etiology 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(tumor) 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pleural effusion 3 4 5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_( within \_\_ hours) 6
atelectasis deflation collapse obstructive nonobstructive pneumothorax surfactant deficiency postoperative, 72 asbestosis
restrictive lung disorders atelectasis \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of lung tissue -compression atelctasis -\_\_\_\_\_\_ compression on the lung -absorption atelectasis -gradual \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of air from obstructed or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ alveoli -\_\_\_\_\_\_ impairement -decreased production or inactivation of surfactant clinical manifestations -\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ treatment: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
collapse external absoprtion hypoventilated surfactant dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis deep breathing
restrictive lung disorders
__________: excessive amounts of fibrous or connective tissue in lung
_________ pulm fibrosis: no specific cause
-clinical manifestations: increasing ______ on exertion
pulmonary fibrosis
idiopathic
dyspnea
restrictive lung disorders
_________
-excess water in the lung from disturbances of ______________ pressure, ________ pressure, or _________
-most common cause: ________ heart disease!!!!!
clinical manifestations: dyspnea, orthopenea, hypoxemia, and increased work of breathing
pulmonary edema capillary hydrostatic capillary oncotic pressure capillary permeability left sided
