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PA-S: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

1
Q

__________: the telescoping part of the intestine into another section of the intestion, usually causing _______ of the blood supply

A

intussuception

strangluation

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2
Q 
alcoholic liver disease
the sequence for the development of alcoholic liver disease is:
1
2
3
A

steatosis
steatohepatitis
fibrosis

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3
Q

forceful emptying of the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth

A

vomiting

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4
Q

clinical manifestations of GI dysfunction

in visceral pain- ______, _____, poorly ______ and ____

A

diffused
vague
localized
dull

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5
Q

diarrhea

_____ stools per day are considered the upper limits of normal!!!!

A

three

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6
Q

alcoholic cirrhosis

hepatic __ accumulation happens in alcohlic cirrosis!!!!!!!

A

fat

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7
Q 
cirrhosis
alcoholic liver disease
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (alcoholic fatty liver)
-\_\_\_\_\_\_ form
-is \_\_\_\_\_ if drinking is stopped

_______ hepatitis (________)

  • is characterized by _________
  • _________ and _____ of the ______ occur
  • _______ cirrhosis (____)
  • toxic effects of alcohol metabolism on the liver, ________ alterations, ______ stress from lipid ______, and ______ occur
A 
steatosis
mildest
reversible
alcoholic 
steatophepatitis
inflammation
degeneration, necrosis
hepatocytes
alcoholic, fibrosis
immunologic
oxidative
perioxidation
malnutrition
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8
Q

if the obstruction is at the _______ or high in the ___ intestine then ____________ initially develops as a result of excessive loss of _________ that normally would be reabsorbed from the ________

A 
pylorus
small
metabolic alkalosis
hydrogen ions
gastric juices
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9
Q

osmotic diarrhea

_______ related to _____ deficiency

A

malabsorption

lactase

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10
Q

primary cause of peptic ulcers

A

h pylori

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11
Q

___ sided colon cancers

  • _____- and _____ shaped stools
  • tumors of the left, or _______, colon are ____, ______, _______ masses
  • _______ is common but occurs slowly
A 
left
narrow, pencil 
descending
small, elevated, button-like
obstruction
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12
Q

disorders of motility
small intestine obstruction
most common: _________

A

fibrous adhesions

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13
Q

viral hepatitis
_______ (_____) phase
-begins approx _ weeks after exposure; ends with appearance of ______
-clinical manifestations: ______, _____, and _____
-is highly transmissable

A

prodromal (preicteric) phase
2
jaundice
fatigue, vomiting, hyperalgia

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14
Q

vomiting center

A

medulla oblongata

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15
Q

secratory diarrhea

primary causes of secretory diarrhea are bacterial _____, particularly those released by ______

A

enterotoxins

cholera

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16
Q

clinical manifestations of duodenal ulcers

  • bleeding from duodenal ulcers causes ________ or _______
  • the characteristic pain begins __ min to __ hours after eating when the stomach is empty
  • duodenal ulcers occur w ______ frequency than other types of peptic ulcers
  • pain is relieved by ____
A

hematemesis, melena
30, 2
greater
food

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17
Q

the pathophys process of alcoholic cirrhosis
-impairs the hepatocytes ability to oxidize ______, synthesize ____ and ____, degrade _____ and clear ______ of ______ and _____

  • alcohol is transformed to _________, which promotes liver ______
  • ________ function is impaired, decreasing _____ of fatty acids
  • _________ inhibits export of _____ from the liver
A 
fatty acids
enzymes, proteins
hormones
portal blood
ammonia toxins
acetaldehyde
fibrosis
mitochondrial
oxidation
acetaldehyde
proteins
18
Q

vomiting
_________ medications: for nausea and vomiting
_________, ________, and _________ are antagonists of _______ which activates the trigger zone of vomiting

A 
antiemetic 
metoclopramide
domperidone
haloperidol
dopamine
19
Q

disorders of motility
intestinal obstruction
any condition that prevents the flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen or failrue of normal intestinal motility in the absence of an obstructing lesion

clinical manifestations:
cardinal symptoms of ____intestine obstruction: _____ pain caused by _______, followed by ________

A

small
colicky
distention
vomiting

20
Q

bloody stools with frank bright red or burgundy blood from the _____

A

hematochezia

rectum

21
Q

chronic antral gastritis
generally involves only the _______ and is more common than __________

it is caused by __________ or the chronic use of ____, ____ and _____

A 
h. pylori
antrum
fundal gastritis
H. pylori
alcohol, tobacco, NSAIDs
22
Q

the most immediate result of a small intestinal obstruction is _________

it beings almost immediately, as gases and fluids accumulate _______ to the obstruction

within __ hours, up to __ L of fluid and ______ enters the ____ in the form of _____, _____, ____, ______ and ________

_____ vomiting or ________ of fluids in the intestinal lumen prevents their reabsorption and produces severe ____ and ______ disturbances

A 
distention
proximal
24
8
electrolytes
lumen
saliva
gastric juice
bile
pancreatic juice
intestinal secretions
copious
sequestration
fluid
electrolyte
23
Q

true facts regarding the sources of increased ammonia that contribute to hepatic encephalopathy

  • _____ of intestinal ____ digestion are sources of increased ammonia
  • digested ___ leaking from ruptured ____ is a source of increased ammonia
  • ________ bacteria in the colon are sources of increased ammonia
A

end products, protein
blood, varices
ammonia-forming

24
Q

cancer of the ___ and _______ colon clinical manifestations

  • ______ colored blood mixed with ______
  • ______
  • ______
  • _______ mass in the _____ ____ quadrant
A 
cecum
ascending
mahogony
stool
anemia
pain
palpable, lower right
25
Q

______
inflammation of the pancreas
-associated w several clinical disorders _______ and _________

A

pancreatitis
alcohol intake
cholelithiasis

26
Q

__________ vomiting - is caused by direct stimulation of the vomiting center by __________ such as _________, ______, or ______ involving the brainstem

A 
projectile
neurologic lesions
intracranial pressure
tumors
aneurysms
27
Q

__________
idiopathic inflammatory disorder, affects any part of the digestive tract, from mouth to anus

alterations in ______ production have been found in individuals w this disorder
ulcerations: _______ having ______ projections

A

crohn disease
immunoglobulin
granuloma
cobblestone

28
Q

__________
is an altered level of consciousness as a result of liver failure

the underlying mechanism is believed to involve the build up of ______ in the blood, a substance that is normally removed by the ____

A

hepatic encephalopathy
ammonia
liver

29
Q

______
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
most common cause: _______

A

ascites

cirrhosis

30
Q

ulcerative colitis
inflammation begins at the base of the ___________ in the ___ intestine, primarily the ____ colon, with infiltration and release of inflammatory ______ from _________, _______, _______, _______, ________, and ______

increased risk for _______ is demonstrated

A 
crypts of liberkuhn
large
left
cytokines
neutrophils
lymphocytes
plasma cells
macrophages
eosinophils
mast cells
colon cancer
31
Q

common complications of liver disorders

  • _______
  • ____________
  • _________
A

ascites
hepatic encephalopathy
jaundice

32
Q

facts about chronic gastritis

  • tends to occur in _________
  • results in chronic ________ and _______ _______
  • __________ is a common outcome of chronic gastritis
  • __________ _______ is often observed w chronic gastritis
A

older adults
inflammation, mucosal atrophy
mucosal atrophy
epithelial metaplasia

33
Q

acute pancreatitis
___ or _____ duct obstruction blocks the outflow of pancreatic digestive
-can also result from direct ______ injury from ____ or ____ infection
-acute pancreatitis is usually ___ and _______ resolves

A 
bile, pancreatic
cellular
drugs
viral
mild
spontaneously
34
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: is a break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or \_\_\_\_\_\_!!!!!!
-acute versus chronic ulcers
-superficial (\_\_\_\_\_) versus deep
risk factors
- genetic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ infection
-habitual use of \_\_\_\_\_\_
-excessive use of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, acute \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_ and over \_\_ years of age
A 
peptic ulcer disease
esophagus, stomach, duodenum
erosions
predisposition
h. pylori
NSAIDs
alcohol, smoking, acute pancreatitis, COPD, obesity
cirrohsis
65
35
Q

constipation

normal bowel habits range from ___ or __ evacuations per day to ___ per week

A

two, three

one

36
Q 
all forms of acute hepatitis present with:
1
2, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_
3
4
5 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
jaundice
fever, weight loss, fatigue
dark urine
hepatosplenomegaly
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
37
Q

cause of abdominal pain
-chemical mediators such as _______, _______, and _______ produce abdominal pain

  • ______ and _______ congestion produce abdominal pain by ______
  • _______, caused by distention of bowel _______, or _________ vessel ______, produces abdominal pain
A 
histamine, bradykinin, serotonin
edema, vascular
stretching
ischemia
obstruction
mesenteric, thrombosis
38
Q

disorders of motility
large bowel obstruction
most common: __________, _______ (twisting), and ______ related to _________

A

colorectal cancer
volvulus
strictures
diverticulitis

39
Q

true statements concerning the accumulations of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

  • impaired excretion of ________ by the _____ promotes ____ retention
  • decreased ________ pressure and increased _______ ______ _____ pressure cause the movement of fluid into the peritoneal cavity
A 
sodium
kidneys
water
oncotic 
hepatic sinusoidal hydrostatic
40
Q

acute hepatitis

  • hepatitis is an infection or inflammation of the liver
  • most cases of acute hepatitis are from viral hep A or B. ________ for unknown reasons, rarely presents with an accute infection and is found as a silent infection on blood test, unfortunately, when pt present with ________
  • hep __ exits exclusively in those who have active viral replications of hep B
A

hep C
cirrohsis
D

PA-S: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (18 decks)

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