Chapter 2 Flashcards
increase in cell number
- caused by increased rate of ________
physiologic: after _____, the uterine ________ cells divide under influence of ______ - compensentory: allows organs to ________- removal of of part of the ____ leads to remaining _____ cells undergoing compensentary
hyperplasia cellular division ovulation endometrial estrogen regenerate uterine liver
cellular injury
_____
-exposure during neurologic development can result in _____ disorders, ______, and _____ problems
-most common source is ____ in older homes (_______) and at work (_____)
-toxicity affects _____ and ______ nervous systems
-______ is key
-treatment may include _____ therapy
lead learning hyperactivity attention pain children adults central, peripheral prevention chelation
-free radicals and __________ (___)-_____ stress
-electrically uncharged ___ or group of ____ having an unpaired _______
-results in _____ damage
types of damage:
-lipid ________
-alteration of _____
-alteration of ____
- mechanisms for _______ of free radicals
- _______ oxidative stress
reactive oxygen species ROS oxidative membrane atom atoms electron membrane peroxidation proteins DNA inactivation mitochondrial
MARIJUANA SMOKING
- approx 50% of the potent agents are absorbed through the ____; when marijuana is ingested however, only __% is absorbed. with heavy marijuana use the following adverse effects have been reported:
- alterations of ______ perceptions, ____ and ____ impairments (inability to judge time, speed, distance)
- smoking 3 or 4 joints per day is similar to smoking __ cigarettes per day, in relation to the frequency of chronic _____ and may contribute to ____ cancer
- data from animal studies only, indicate ______ changes that include reduced _______, decreased ________, and decreased circulatory ________
- fetal abnormalities including ______ weight and increased frequency ________
- increased frequency of infectious illness which is thought to be the result of depressed ______ and _____ immunity
lungs 10 sensory perceptions cognitive psychomotor 20 bronchitis lung reproductive fertility sperm motility testosterone low birth childhood leukemia cell mediated humoral
types of necrosis \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ necrosis: -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ infection -combination of \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_ necroses -\_\_\_\_ substance that is walled off \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ necrosis: -\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, other \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ organs -action of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: is a type of necrosis associated with pulmonary TB
caseous tuberculosis pulmonary coagulative liquefactive cheese-looking fat breast pancreas abdominal lipases bacteriologic necrosis
lead
lead poisoning interferes with the function of _________
-the organs that are affected by lead consumption are ____ and _____
-lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of _______
neurotransmitters
bones, pancreas
calcium
hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water
heat exhaustion
free radicals
giving up an _______, which causes injury to the ________ of the _____
electron
electron
chemical bonds
membrane
cellular injury
________
-results in major ______, especially _______
-is metabolized in the ______
-has a _______ effect with the__________, up to a point
-______ alcoholism affects the CNS
-_____ alcoholism affects primarily the liver and stomach
- ______ liver disease (____ liver, alcoholic ______, _____)
- acute _______
-can cause _______ syndrome
ethanol (alcohol) nutritional deficiencies, folate liver protective cardiovascular system acute chronic alcohol induced fatty hepatitis cirrhosis gastritis fetal alcohol syndrome
increase in cell size
caused by increased _____ demand or _______
-trigger signals: _____ and ______
physiologic growth - the mammary glands ______ during _____ primarily as a consequence of hormones
-______
hypertrophy work, hormones mechanical, trophic enlarge pregnancy pathologic
cellular death
_______
-is programmed cell death
-is characterized by the “dropping off” of cellular fragments called __________
-is the active process of cellular ________
-can occur ______ or _______
-______ apoptosis
-is _______ or _______
- can lead to ______, ______ disorders, ___________ diseases, ______ injury
apoptosis apoptotic bodies destruction normally, pathologically dysregulated excessive not enough cancer autoimmune neurodegenerative ischemic
cellular injury -sudden increases or decreases in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_ injury -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sickness or \_\_\_\_\_ disease - "the \_\_\_\_" \_\_\_\_\_ are formed by bubbles of \_\_\_\_\_\_ High altitude illness -high altitude \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -high altitude \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -Acute \_\_\_\_\_\_ sickness
atmospheric pressure blast decompression caisson diver disease emboli nitrogen Pulmonary edema Cerebral edema Mountain
deranged cellular; is not a true cellular adaptation but rather an atypical hyperplasia
dysplasia
are the result of tearing, shearing, or crushing types of injuries, resulting in _____
for example to the upper arm, resulting from fall
simple tibia fracture sustained in skiing accident and spleen laceration caused by a punch during a physical fight, ______ and ____ caused by blows or impact
-______ injuries include cuts
-______ require the penetration of the skin and muscle by a bullet
blunt forces bruises fractures lacerations sharp force gunshot wounds
-can occur in response to _______ and ________
-pathologic hyperplasia produces an abnormal _______ of normal cells
_______ refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of ______ cells
___________: enables organ _______ and is a normal process
_________ is not normal
and increases cell ________
_________ is an increase in the size of cells and consequently in the size of the affected ________
pathologic hyperplasia hormones, growth factors proliferation dysplasia mature compensatory hyperplasia regeneration pathologic hyperplasia number hypertrophy organ
cellular injury causes: -lack of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -caustic or toxic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ agents -unintentional and intentional \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ responses -\_\_\_\_\_\_ factors -insufficient \_\_\_\_\_ -physical \_\_\_\_\_ from many causes
oxygen (hypoxia) free radicals chemicals infectious injury inflammatory and immune genetic nutrients trauma
types of necrosis
_________ necrosis - this type of necrosis results from either severe _______ or ______ injury
-______,_______ and _________
-protein _________
-abnormality in intracellular _______
________ necrosis: _______ and _______ in the brain
-______ enzgymes form liquid filled _______ or forms ___
coagulative ischemia chemical kidneys heart adrenal glands denaturation calcium liquefactive neurons glial cells hydrolytic cysts pus
reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type
metaplasia
is the cell’s response to escape and protect itself from injury
cellular adaptation
cellular injury temperature extremes and climate change -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ injury -slows cellular \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ processes -produces \_\_\_\_\_
-_______ injury
-heat _______, _______, _____
malignant _____; ________ syndrome
-________ hyperthermia
-______
-______; sudden _______ syndrome
hypothermic metabolic ROS hyperthermic cramps, exhaustion, stroke hyperthermia neuroleptic malignant drug-induced burns overheating sudden infant death syndrome
modification in the shape of a specific cell type
- refers to abnormal changes in _____, ______, and _______ of mature cells
- can be called _________
- does not indicate _______
_______
- is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another less mature cell type
- is ________ of stem cells
dysplasia size, shape, organization atypical hyperplasia cancer metaplasia reprogramming
cellular injury
________
is colorless and odorless
-produces _________
-directly reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of ______, and promotes _____ hypoxia
-CO’s affinity for ______ is ___ times greater than that of oxygen; it quickly binds with the hemoglobin, preventing ______ to do so
carbon monoxide (CO) hypoxic injury blood tissue hemoglobin 200 oxygen
cellular death: two types: 1. \_\_\_\_ -includes inflammatory changes 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - programmed cell death of scattered \_\_\_\_\_ cells -no \_\_\_\_\_\_ changes type 1: cell death (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) type 2:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cell death
necrosis apoptosis inflammatory caspases autophagic
leads to injury of tissues and organs, determining ________ of _________
- injured cells may recover (_______) or die (________)
- causes cell ____
- is _____ or _______ and _____ or ______
- can involve ______, _______, ______, ________, or pathologic __________
cellular injury structural patterns disease reversible injury irreversible injury stress acute, chronic reversible, irreversible necrosis apoptosis autophagy accumulation calcification
clincical term
____ vs ___ gangrene
____ gangrene
_______: is associaed with ________
gangrenous necrosis dry wet gas wet liquefactive
