Chapter 2 Flashcards
increase in cell number
- caused by increased rate of ________
physiologic: after _____, the uterine ________ cells divide under influence of ______ - compensentory: allows organs to ________- removal of of part of the ____ leads to remaining _____ cells undergoing compensentary
hyperplasia cellular division ovulation endometrial estrogen regenerate uterine liver
cellular injury
_____
-exposure during neurologic development can result in _____ disorders, ______, and _____ problems
-most common source is ____ in older homes (_______) and at work (_____)
-toxicity affects _____ and ______ nervous systems
-______ is key
-treatment may include _____ therapy
lead learning hyperactivity attention pain children adults central, peripheral prevention chelation
-free radicals and __________ (___)-_____ stress
-electrically uncharged ___ or group of ____ having an unpaired _______
-results in _____ damage
types of damage:
-lipid ________
-alteration of _____
-alteration of ____
- mechanisms for _______ of free radicals
- _______ oxidative stress
reactive oxygen species ROS oxidative membrane atom atoms electron membrane peroxidation proteins DNA inactivation mitochondrial
MARIJUANA SMOKING
- approx 50% of the potent agents are absorbed through the ____; when marijuana is ingested however, only __% is absorbed. with heavy marijuana use the following adverse effects have been reported:
- alterations of ______ perceptions, ____ and ____ impairments (inability to judge time, speed, distance)
- smoking 3 or 4 joints per day is similar to smoking __ cigarettes per day, in relation to the frequency of chronic _____ and may contribute to ____ cancer
- data from animal studies only, indicate ______ changes that include reduced _______, decreased ________, and decreased circulatory ________
- fetal abnormalities including ______ weight and increased frequency ________
- increased frequency of infectious illness which is thought to be the result of depressed ______ and _____ immunity
lungs 10 sensory perceptions cognitive psychomotor 20 bronchitis lung reproductive fertility sperm motility testosterone low birth childhood leukemia cell mediated humoral
types of necrosis \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ necrosis: -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ infection -combination of \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_ necroses -\_\_\_\_ substance that is walled off \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ necrosis: -\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, other \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ organs -action of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: is a type of necrosis associated with pulmonary TB
caseous tuberculosis pulmonary coagulative liquefactive cheese-looking fat breast pancreas abdominal lipases bacteriologic necrosis
lead
lead poisoning interferes with the function of _________
-the organs that are affected by lead consumption are ____ and _____
-lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of _______
neurotransmitters
bones, pancreas
calcium
hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water
heat exhaustion
free radicals
giving up an _______, which causes injury to the ________ of the _____
electron
electron
chemical bonds
membrane
cellular injury
________
-results in major ______, especially _______
-is metabolized in the ______
-has a _______ effect with the__________, up to a point
-______ alcoholism affects the CNS
-_____ alcoholism affects primarily the liver and stomach
- ______ liver disease (____ liver, alcoholic ______, _____)
- acute _______
-can cause _______ syndrome
ethanol (alcohol) nutritional deficiencies, folate liver protective cardiovascular system acute chronic alcohol induced fatty hepatitis cirrhosis gastritis fetal alcohol syndrome
increase in cell size
caused by increased _____ demand or _______
-trigger signals: _____ and ______
physiologic growth - the mammary glands ______ during _____ primarily as a consequence of hormones
-______
hypertrophy work, hormones mechanical, trophic enlarge pregnancy pathologic
cellular death
_______
-is programmed cell death
-is characterized by the “dropping off” of cellular fragments called __________
-is the active process of cellular ________
-can occur ______ or _______
-______ apoptosis
-is _______ or _______
- can lead to ______, ______ disorders, ___________ diseases, ______ injury
apoptosis apoptotic bodies destruction normally, pathologically dysregulated excessive not enough cancer autoimmune neurodegenerative ischemic
cellular injury -sudden increases or decreases in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_ injury -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sickness or \_\_\_\_\_ disease - "the \_\_\_\_" \_\_\_\_\_ are formed by bubbles of \_\_\_\_\_\_ High altitude illness -high altitude \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -high altitude \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -Acute \_\_\_\_\_\_ sickness
atmospheric pressure blast decompression caisson diver disease emboli nitrogen Pulmonary edema Cerebral edema Mountain
deranged cellular; is not a true cellular adaptation but rather an atypical hyperplasia
dysplasia
are the result of tearing, shearing, or crushing types of injuries, resulting in _____
for example to the upper arm, resulting from fall
simple tibia fracture sustained in skiing accident and spleen laceration caused by a punch during a physical fight, ______ and ____ caused by blows or impact
-______ injuries include cuts
-______ require the penetration of the skin and muscle by a bullet
blunt forces bruises fractures lacerations sharp force gunshot wounds
-can occur in response to _______ and ________
-pathologic hyperplasia produces an abnormal _______ of normal cells
_______ refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of ______ cells
___________: enables organ _______ and is a normal process
_________ is not normal
and increases cell ________
_________ is an increase in the size of cells and consequently in the size of the affected ________
pathologic hyperplasia hormones, growth factors proliferation dysplasia mature compensatory hyperplasia regeneration pathologic hyperplasia number hypertrophy organ
