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Biology - 11 > Chapter 7 & 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 & 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do organisms that survive long enough do?

A

Reproduce to pass on genetic info to help their offspring survive

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2
Q

What does diversity show?

A

How populations change over time; why some species survive; why others become extinct

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3
Q

Define Extinction

A

Describes a species that has completely disappeared from Earth

Ex. Dinosaurs

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4
Q

Define Adaptation

A

A structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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5
Q

What is an Adaptation?

A

Any trait that increases an individual’s ability to survive or reproduce

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6
Q

What is Structural Adaptation? Name examples of some

A
  • Changes to the structure of the body

Ex. Camouflage, Fluffy feathers, rattles to warn off predators

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7
Q

What type of adaption is Mimicry?

A

Structural adaption

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8
Q

Define Mimicry

A

A structural adaptation in which a harmless species resembles a harmful species in coloration or structure

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9
Q

What is the phenomenon where a harmless species resembles a harmful species in coloration or structure?

A

Mimicry

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10
Q

Why is mimicry a type of structural adaptation?

A
  • Harmless species resemble a harmful species in colour or structure
  • Predators that avoid the harmful species, avoid the mimic
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11
Q

Name an example of an organism that used mimicry to survive?

A

Viceroy butterflies resemble Monarch butterflies; viceroy butterflies are vulnerable to predators; predators avoid monarch butterflies because they taste bad and so they avoid the mimic as well

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12
Q

What are some challenges that limit the ability of organisms to survive?

A

Severe weather, famine, competition for food, space, mates

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13
Q

How many different types of adaptations are there and what are they?

A

3; structural adaptation, behavioural adaptation, and physiological adaptation

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14
Q

What is a behavioural adaptation? Name some examples.

A

Change to an organism’s behaviour, actions or daily activities

Ex. Hunting strategies(wolf packs), migration, hibernation

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15
Q

What is a physiological adaptation? Name some examples.

A

Chemical changes within the body, hormones, etc. that permit an organism to perform special functions

Ex. Hibernation - animals reduce metabolism to save energy
Dilation of blood vessels in ear of elephant when feeling hot

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16
Q

How do adaptations develop?

A

Result because of gradual, accumulative changes that help to survive and reproduce; changes result of random, inheritable mutations in DNA

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17
Q

Mutations lead to ———

A

Variations

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18
Q

Define variation

A

Differences between individuals which may be structural, functional, or physiological

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19
Q

T or F: All variations become adaptations

A

False

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20
Q

What determines whether a variation has a positive/negative/no effect on the organism’s ability to survive?

A

The environment

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21
Q

Name an organism that demonstrates how characteristics in a population change in response to changes in the environment?

A

English Peppered Moth

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22
Q

Describe the characteristics of the English Peppered Moth before the industrial revolution.

A
  • Has 2 colour variations; flecked (pepper) & black

- Black variety is rare in 1800s England

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23
Q

What happened to the English Peppered Moths during the industrial revolution?

A

Black moths made up 95% of the population

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24
Q

Why were 95% of the moth population now black, when before they were rare?

A

During the industrial revolution, air pollution caused the trees to darken in colour; while the old environment camouflauged the peppered moths (not concealing the darker ones), the new environment now camouflaged dark moths and not the peppered ones; the black moths survived longer than the peppered ones to reproduce and pass on their darker coloured gene

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25
Q

What causes variation within a species?

A

Genes

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26
Q

Why do genes cause variations within a species?

A

Offspring have a combination of genetic material from both parents

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27
Q

Having a large amount of possible combinations of genes offspring can inherit results in what?

A

Greater genetic variety among individuals

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28
Q

Name an example that shows variation within a species

A

Litter of kitten being all different colours, shapes, having different species

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29
Q

Define mutation

A

A permanent change in the genetic material of an organism; the only source of new genetic variation

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30
Q

——– are changes in the genetic material (DNA) of an organism

A

Mutations

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31
Q

What do mutations do?

A

Provide new alleles in a species and are the only source of new genetic variation

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32
Q

——— can provide a selective advantage

A

Mutations

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33
Q

Define selective advantage

A

Genetic advantage that improves an organism’s chance of survival, usually in a changing environment

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34
Q

Why is it good for an organism to possess a genetic variation that gives it an advantage over its competitors?

A

Provides a better chance to reproduce and pass its genes to the next generation

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35
Q

What happens when a mutation occurs in a somatic cell (any cell other than a reproductive cell)?

A

Mutation disappears from the population when the organism dies

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36
Q

How may a mutation be passed on to succeeding generation as a new allele?

A

When the mutation alters the DNA in a gamete (reproductive cell)

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37
Q

What’re some organisms that reproduce very quickly?

A

Bacteria, viruses, and insects

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38
Q

In organisms that reproduce quickly, why are mutations so important?

A

One mutation can mean the survival of the whole population

39
Q

What is the advantage of having a new allele in organisms that reproduce rapidly?

A

New allele that resulted from random mutation may be a selective advantage; organisms that have this allele can survive long enough to reproduce and pass on genetic info to next gen

40
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other micro-organisms

41
Q

Name an example of an antibiotic

A

Penicillin

42
Q

How does resistance to antibiotics occur?

A

Individual members of a species may have a new allele, from a random genetic mutation, that makes them resistant

43
Q

Define Natural selection

A

The process by which characteristics of a population change over many generations as organisms with heritable traits survive and reproduce, passing their traits to offspring

44
Q

Do characteristics of a population stay the same?

A

No, they change over generations

45
Q

Why do characteristics of a population change over time?

A

Individuals with some inherited traits survive local environmental conditions and through reproduction, pass those alleles onto offspring

46
Q

What must there be for natural selection to occur?

A

Diversity within a species (Ex. think of the peppered moths)

47
Q

How many mechanisms of natural selection are there and what are they?

A

3; variation, selective pressure, and fitness

48
Q

What is the first mechanism of natural selection?

A

Variation

49
Q

What is variation in relation to naturals selection? Name some examples.

A

Members of a population have slight differences among them and this variation is heritable

Ex. Height, eyesight, beak shape, rate of egg production

50
Q

What is the second mechanism of natural selection?

A

Selective pressure

51
Q

Define selective pressure

A

Environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select against other characteristics

52
Q

What is any phenomenon that alters the behaviour and may reduce the productive success of a living organism?

A

Selective pressure

53
Q

What are some examples of conditions which exert selective pressure?

A

Competition, Predation, disease, parasitism, land clearance, climate change, pollutants

54
Q

What is the third mechanism of natural selection?

A

Fitness

55
Q

Define fitness

A

The relative contribution an individual makes to the next generation by producing offspring that will survive long to reproduce

56
Q

What does a high degree of fitness mean?

A

Means organism will survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous genes to their offspring

57
Q

How is fitness usually measured in organisms?

A

Usually measured in the number of offspring

58
Q

Natural selection is ———-

A

Situational

59
Q

Why is natural selection situational?

A
  • Doesn’t anticipate changes of environment
  • Has no will, purpose, or direction
  • Trait in one situation may not be relevant to survival while another at a different time can help a population survive and reproduce
60
Q

Selective breeding is a form of ———–

A

Artificial selection

61
Q

Define artificial selection

A

Selective pressure exerted by humans on populations in order to improve or modify desirable traits

62
Q

Selective breeding and artificial selection are a type of ———-

A

Biotechnology

63
Q

Define biotechnology

A

Use of technology and organisms to reproduce useful products

64
Q

What is done in the process of selective breeding? Name some examples of where this has been done

A

Humans breed other animals and plants for particular traits

Ex. Veggies, fruit come from species artificially selected
Ancestor of domesticated dog is the wolf

65
Q

What are the differences between natural selection and artificial selection?

A
  • In natural selection, environment plays the role that humans do in artificial selection; also environmental conditions determine which populations survive and reproduce
66
Q

What is a major consequence of artificial selection?

A

Genetic diversity severely reduced as humans use selective breeding to make all organisms similar for desired traits

67
Q

What is a consequence of having a lack of genetic diversity? Name an example where this is being demonstrated

A
  • Susceptibility to disease
  • Large monocultures of crops susceptible to disease; all plants would be affected in the same way and the whole population could be damaged or killed off
68
Q

What is the purpose of gene banks?

A

To contain populations of early ancestors of modern plants; by preserving these organisms , their genetic diversity can be introduced into modern plants if the need arises

69
Q

What were earliest ideas about the origin of species based on?

A

Religion & philosophy

70
Q

When did scholars start to use empirical studies to explain the natural world?

A

1600s

71
Q

What were the contributions of Carolus Linnaeus?

A
  • Helped develop classification system for plants & animals
  • System helped scientists recognize & think about similarities and differences between organisms
72
Q

Who contributed the following:

  • Helped develop classification system for plants & animals
  • System helped scientists recognize & think about similarities and differences between organisms
A

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

73
Q

What were the contributions of Georges-Louis Leclerc?

A
  • Publicly challenged idea that life forms unchanging
  • His book, Histoire Naturelle, complied understandings of natural world; book noted similarities between human & ape
  • Suggested Earth was older than 6,000 years
74
Q

Who contributed the following:

  • Publicly challenged idea that life forms unchanging
  • His book, Histoire Naturelle, complied understandings of natural world; book noted similarities between human & ape
  • Suggested Earth was older than 6,000 years
A

Georges-Louis Leclerc

75
Q

What other fields of science shared their ideas of how life changed with time?

A

Palaeontology, geology, geography, and biology

76
Q

What are fossils?

A

Preserved remains of a once-living organism; include specimens preserved in amber, permafrost, and rock

77
Q

What were the contributions of Georges Cuvier?

A
  • Credited with developing science of palaeontology
  • Found that layers of rock have unique groups of fossil species; found that new species appeared and disappeared over time
  • Above evidence showed species could go extinct
  • Developed theory of catastrophism
78
Q

Define palaeontology

A

The study of ancient life through the examination of fossils

79
Q

Define Catastrophism

A

The idea that catastrophes such as floods, diseases, and droughts periodically destroyed species living in a particular region; allowing species from neighbouring regions to repopulate the idea

80
Q

Who is credited with developing the science of palaeontology?

A

Georges Cuvier

81
Q

Who is credited with developing the theory of catastrophism?

A

Georges Cuvier

82
Q

Who is Mary Anning & what contributions is she credited with?

A
  • Skilled palaeontologist that found first aquatic reptile fossil
  • Cuvier studied Mary’s work and gave it credibility in the scientific world (As she was a woman, she couldn’t publish her own work)
83
Q

What is the general idea of catastrophism?

A

Earth experienced destructive natural events in the past; ex. floods, volcanic explosions, called revolutions; they were violent enough to kill multiple species each time; bc they’re limited to specific locations, the area would be repopulated by unaffected areas

84
Q

What contributions did Charles Lyell make?

A
  • Rejected catastrophism; proposed uniformitarianism
  • That geographical processes operated at the same rates in the past as they do today (slow & continuous)
  • Said slow, subtle processes over long periods of time result in big changes; ex. forces the build/erode mountains
85
Q

Define Uniformitarianism

A

Geographical processes operated at the same rates in the past as they do today

86
Q

Who developed the theory of Uniformitarianism?

A

Charles Lyell

87
Q

What contributions did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck make?

A
  • Said species increased in complexity over time until they reach a level of perfection
  • Said organisms become progressively better adapted to their environments
  • thought body parts used frequently in environment would become stronger/ larger & parts not used would disappear( use & disuse); Ex. Giraffe necks to reach tall trees
  • Said organism’s adaptations to environment could be passed onto offspring
  • Called this inheritance of acquired characteristics; theory is wrong
88
Q

Define the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

The idea that characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime can be passed on to its offspring

89
Q

Who developed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

90
Q

What theory is this: The idea that characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime can be passed on to its offspring

A

The inheritance of acquired characteristics

91
Q

What contributions did Charles Darwin make?

A
  • Left England on 5 year voyage aboard ship called Beagle

- Developed the theory of evolution by natural selection

92
Q

Define the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

A

A theory explaining how life has changed and continues to change, during Earth’s history through the survival of the fittest

93
Q

Define Evolution

A

The process of genetic change in a population over time

Biology - 11 (11 decks)

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