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Biology - 11 > Chapter 7 & 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 & 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What do organisms that survive long enough do?

A

Reproduce to pass on genetic info to help their offspring survive

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2
Q

What does diversity show?

A

How populations change over time; why some species survive; why others become extinct

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3
Q

Define Extinction

A

Describes a species that has completely disappeared from Earth

Ex. Dinosaurs

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4
Q

Define Adaptation

A

A structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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5
Q

What is an Adaptation?

A

Any trait that increases an individual’s ability to survive or reproduce

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6
Q

What is Structural Adaptation? Name examples of some

A
  • Changes to the structure of the body

Ex. Camouflage, Fluffy feathers, rattles to warn off predators

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7
Q

What type of adaption is Mimicry?

A

Structural adaption

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8
Q

Define Mimicry

A

A structural adaptation in which a harmless species resembles a harmful species in coloration or structure

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9
Q

What is the phenomenon where a harmless species resembles a harmful species in coloration or structure?

A

Mimicry

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10
Q

Why is mimicry a type of structural adaptation?

A
  • Harmless species resemble a harmful species in colour or structure
  • Predators that avoid the harmful species, avoid the mimic
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11
Q

Name an example of an organism that used mimicry to survive?

A

Viceroy butterflies resemble Monarch butterflies; viceroy butterflies are vulnerable to predators; predators avoid monarch butterflies because they taste bad and so they avoid the mimic as well

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12
Q

What are some challenges that limit the ability of organisms to survive?

A

Severe weather, famine, competition for food, space, mates

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13
Q

How many different types of adaptations are there and what are they?

A

3; structural adaptation, behavioural adaptation, and physiological adaptation

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14
Q

What is a behavioural adaptation? Name some examples.

A

Change to an organism’s behaviour, actions or daily activities

Ex. Hunting strategies(wolf packs), migration, hibernation

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15
Q

What is a physiological adaptation? Name some examples.

A

Chemical changes within the body, hormones, etc. that permit an organism to perform special functions

Ex. Hibernation - animals reduce metabolism to save energy
Dilation of blood vessels in ear of elephant when feeling hot

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16
Q

How do adaptations develop?

A

Result because of gradual, accumulative changes that help to survive and reproduce; changes result of random, inheritable mutations in DNA

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17
Q

Mutations lead to ———

A

Variations

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18
Q

Define variation

A

Differences between individuals which may be structural, functional, or physiological

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19
Q

T or F: All variations become adaptations

A

False

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20
Q

What determines whether a variation has a positive/negative/no effect on the organism’s ability to survive?

A

The environment

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21
Q

Name an organism that demonstrates how characteristics in a population change in response to changes in the environment?

A

English Peppered Moth

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22
Q

Describe the characteristics of the English Peppered Moth before the industrial revolution.

A
  • Has 2 colour variations; flecked (pepper) & black

- Black variety is rare in 1800s England

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23
Q

What happened to the English Peppered Moths during the industrial revolution?

A

Black moths made up 95% of the population

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24
Q

Why were 95% of the moth population now black, when before they were rare?

A

During the industrial revolution, air pollution caused the trees to darken in colour; while the old environment camouflauged the peppered moths (not concealing the darker ones), the new environment now camouflaged dark moths and not the peppered ones; the black moths survived longer than the peppered ones to reproduce and pass on their darker coloured gene

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25
What causes variation within a species?
Genes
26
Why do genes cause variations within a species?
Offspring have a combination of genetic material from both parents
27
Having a large amount of possible combinations of genes offspring can inherit results in what?
Greater genetic variety among individuals
28
Name an example that shows variation within a species
Litter of kitten being all different colours, shapes, having different species
29
Define mutation
A permanent change in the genetic material of an organism; the only source of new genetic variation
30
-------- are changes in the genetic material (DNA) of an organism
Mutations
31
What do mutations do?
Provide new alleles in a species and are the only source of new genetic variation
32
--------- can provide a selective advantage
Mutations
33
Define selective advantage
Genetic advantage that improves an organism's chance of survival, usually in a changing environment
34
Why is it good for an organism to possess a genetic variation that gives it an advantage over its competitors?
Provides a better chance to reproduce and pass its genes to the next generation
35
What happens when a mutation occurs in a somatic cell (any cell other than a reproductive cell)?
Mutation disappears from the population when the organism dies
36
How may a mutation be passed on to succeeding generation as a new allele?
When the mutation alters the DNA in a gamete (reproductive cell)
37
What're some organisms that reproduce very quickly?
Bacteria, viruses, and insects
38
In organisms that reproduce quickly, why are mutations so important?
One mutation can mean the survival of the whole population
39
What is the advantage of having a new allele in organisms that reproduce rapidly?
New allele that resulted from random mutation may be a selective advantage; organisms that have this allele can survive long enough to reproduce and pass on genetic info to next gen
40
What is an antibiotic?
A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other micro-organisms
41
Name an example of an antibiotic
Penicillin
42
How does resistance to antibiotics occur?
Individual members of a species may have a new allele, from a random genetic mutation, that makes them resistant
43
Define Natural selection
The process by which characteristics of a population change over many generations as organisms with heritable traits survive and reproduce, passing their traits to offspring
44
Do characteristics of a population stay the same?
No, they change over generations
45
Why do characteristics of a population change over time?
Individuals with some inherited traits survive local environmental conditions and through reproduction, pass those alleles onto offspring
46
What must there be for natural selection to occur?
Diversity within a species (Ex. think of the peppered moths)
47
How many mechanisms of natural selection are there and what are they?
3; variation, selective pressure, and fitness
48
What is the first mechanism of natural selection?
Variation
49
What is variation in relation to naturals selection? Name some examples.
Members of a population have slight differences among them and this variation is heritable Ex. Height, eyesight, beak shape, rate of egg production
50
What is the second mechanism of natural selection?
Selective pressure
51
Define selective pressure
Environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select against other characteristics
52
What is any phenomenon that alters the behaviour and may reduce the productive success of a living organism?
Selective pressure
53
What are some examples of conditions which exert selective pressure?
Competition, Predation, disease, parasitism, land clearance, climate change, pollutants
54
What is the third mechanism of natural selection?
Fitness
55
Define fitness
The relative contribution an individual makes to the next generation by producing offspring that will survive long to reproduce
56
What does a high degree of fitness mean?
Means organism will survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous genes to their offspring
57
How is fitness usually measured in organisms?
Usually measured in the number of offspring
58
Natural selection is ----------
Situational
59
Why is natural selection situational?
- Doesn't anticipate changes of environment - Has no will, purpose, or direction - Trait in one situation may not be relevant to survival while another at a different time can help a population survive and reproduce
60
Selective breeding is a form of -----------
Artificial selection
61
Define artificial selection
Selective pressure exerted by humans on populations in order to improve or modify desirable traits
62
Selective breeding and artificial selection are a type of ----------
Biotechnology
63
Define biotechnology
Use of technology and organisms to reproduce useful products
64
What is done in the process of selective breeding? Name some examples of where this has been done
Humans breed other animals and plants for particular traits Ex. Veggies, fruit come from species artificially selected Ancestor of domesticated dog is the wolf
65
What are the differences between natural selection and artificial selection?
- In natural selection, environment plays the role that humans do in artificial selection; also environmental conditions determine which populations survive and reproduce
66
What is a major consequence of artificial selection?
Genetic diversity severely reduced as humans use selective breeding to make all organisms similar for desired traits
67
What is a consequence of having a lack of genetic diversity? Name an example where this is being demonstrated
- Susceptibility to disease - Large monocultures of crops susceptible to disease; all plants would be affected in the same way and the whole population could be damaged or killed off
68
What is the purpose of gene banks?
To contain populations of early ancestors of modern plants; by preserving these organisms , their genetic diversity can be introduced into modern plants if the need arises
69
What were earliest ideas about the origin of species based on?
Religion & philosophy
70
When did scholars start to use empirical studies to explain the natural world?
1600s
71
What were the contributions of Carolus Linnaeus?
- Helped develop classification system for plants & animals - System helped scientists recognize & think about similarities and differences between organisms
72
Who contributed the following: - Helped develop classification system for plants & animals - System helped scientists recognize & think about similarities and differences between organisms
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
73
What were the contributions of Georges-Louis Leclerc?
- Publicly challenged idea that life forms unchanging - His book, Histoire Naturelle, complied understandings of natural world; book noted similarities between human & ape - Suggested Earth was older than 6,000 years
74
Who contributed the following: - Publicly challenged idea that life forms unchanging - His book, Histoire Naturelle, complied understandings of natural world; book noted similarities between human & ape - Suggested Earth was older than 6,000 years
Georges-Louis Leclerc
75
What other fields of science shared their ideas of how life changed with time?
Palaeontology, geology, geography, and biology
76
What are fossils?
Preserved remains of a once-living organism; include specimens preserved in amber, permafrost, and rock
77
What were the contributions of Georges Cuvier?
- Credited with developing science of palaeontology - Found that layers of rock have unique groups of fossil species; found that new species appeared and disappeared over time - Above evidence showed species could go extinct - Developed theory of catastrophism
78
Define palaeontology
The study of ancient life through the examination of fossils
79
Define Catastrophism
The idea that catastrophes such as floods, diseases, and droughts periodically destroyed species living in a particular region; allowing species from neighbouring regions to repopulate the idea
80
Who is credited with developing the science of palaeontology?
Georges Cuvier
81
Who is credited with developing the theory of catastrophism?
Georges Cuvier
82
Who is Mary Anning & what contributions is she credited with?
- Skilled palaeontologist that found first aquatic reptile fossil - Cuvier studied Mary's work and gave it credibility in the scientific world (As she was a woman, she couldn't publish her own work)
83
What is the general idea of catastrophism?
Earth experienced destructive natural events in the past; ex. floods, volcanic explosions, called revolutions; they were violent enough to kill multiple species each time; bc they're limited to specific locations, the area would be repopulated by unaffected areas
84
What contributions did Charles Lyell make?
- Rejected catastrophism; proposed uniformitarianism - That geographical processes operated at the same rates in the past as they do today (slow & continuous) - Said slow, subtle processes over long periods of time result in big changes; ex. forces the build/erode mountains
85
Define Uniformitarianism
Geographical processes operated at the same rates in the past as they do today
86
Who developed the theory of Uniformitarianism?
Charles Lyell
87
What contributions did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck make?
- Said species increased in complexity over time until they reach a level of perfection - Said organisms become progressively better adapted to their environments - thought body parts used frequently in environment would become stronger/ larger & parts not used would disappear( use & disuse); Ex. Giraffe necks to reach tall trees - Said organism's adaptations to environment could be passed onto offspring - Called this inheritance of acquired characteristics; theory is wrong
88
Define the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics
The idea that characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed on to its offspring
89
Who developed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
90
What theory is this: The idea that characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed on to its offspring
The inheritance of acquired characteristics
91
What contributions did Charles Darwin make?
- Left England on 5 year voyage aboard ship called Beagle | - Developed the theory of evolution by natural selection
92
Define the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
A theory explaining how life has changed and continues to change, during Earth's history through the survival of the fittest
93
Define Evolution
The process of genetic change in a population over time

Biology - 11 (11 decks)

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