Chapter 3 - Multicellular Diversity Flashcards
1
Q
What kingdom do algae belong to?
A
Kingdom Protista
2
Q
What are multicellular algae known as?
A
Seaweed
3
Q
How many phyla of algae are there?
A
Six
4
Q
What are the three unicellular algae?
A
- Dino-flagellates
- Diatoms
- Euglenoids
5
Q
What are the 3 multicellular algae?
A
- Brown Algae
- Red algae
- Green algae
6
Q
Describe the characteristics of brown algae
A
- Largest; most complex protist
- Key components of marine and tidal environments bc of abundance
- Grow up to 60m in height
- No true roots and leaves
7
Q
What are the structures of brown algae and what do they do?
A
- Hold fast; Structure that anchors the algae to hard structures
- Stipe; stem-like structure which extends from holdfast
- Blades; flat, leaf-like blades which collect light, take in CO2, and give off O2
- Provides shelter and food for aquatic species
8
Q
What is a “hold fast”?
A
- Structure in brown algae that anchors to hard surfaces
9
Q
What is a “stipe”?
A
- Structure of brown algae; long, stem like structure that extenders from the hold fast
10
Q
What is a “blade”?
A
- Structure of brown algae; flat, leaf-like blades that extend from the stipe
- Used to collect light, take in CO2, and give off O2
11
Q
Describe characteristics of Red algae
A
- First multicellular organism existing on earth (1.5 to 1.2 billion years ago)
- 6000 living species today
- Grow up to 1 m in length
- Abundant in warm costal waters of tropical oceans
- Photosynthesize up to 100m or more
- Used to wrap sushi, make ice cream
12
Q
What was the first multicellular organism on Earth and how long ago did it appear?
A
Red Algae; 1.2 to 1.5 billion years ago
13
Q
What length can red algae grow up to?
A
1 m
14
Q
Where are red algae most abundant?
A
Warm coastal waters of tropical oceans
15
Q
What are some uses for red algae?
A
Wrap sushi; make dairy products like ice cream
16
Q
Name some properties of green algae
A
- Common in fresh water; but also found in salt water, sea ice and surface of trees
- single celled organisms (live in colonies)
- have cell wall
- stored food in the form of starch
17
Q
Which of the algae are the most related to plants and why?
A
Green algae; reasons:
- Same type of chlorophyll
- Same colour as land plants
- Cell walls of both have cellulose
- Store food in the form of starch
18
Q
What are considered to be the closest evolutionary relatives to plants?
A
Green algae
19
Q
Define plant
A
A multicellular photosynthetic Eukaryote with cellulose-based cell walls
20
Q
What evidence suggests that green algae are the closest relative to land plants?
A
- Both have same chlorophyll
- Both have cells walls made of cellulose
- Both store food in the form of starch
- DNA analysis show similar sequences
21
Q
When did the shift to land occur?
A
460 million years ago
22
Q
What are some of the adaptations that occurred when the shift to land happened?
A
- Method to protect from drying out
- Transport system to move water and dissolved substances from outside the cell to the cells inside
- Support system for body of plant; lift the organism towards the air and light
23
Q
Did all of the adaptions to land occur at once?
A
No; happened over long time period
24
Q
Before the adaptions occurred what did plants do?
A
Plants were small and lived in moist places; relied on osmosis and diffusion to obtain nutrients and water
25
How are plants different to green algae?
- Environment; major step in plant evolution was transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats
- Reproduction; plants reproduce using embryos
26
Define embryo
An organism's early pre-birth stage of development
27
Define Algae
A unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic protist
28
What are non-vascular plants also known as?
Bryophyte or pioneer plants
29
Define Bryophyte
A small, non-vascular land plant; formal name Bryophyta reserved for mosses, one group of bryophytes
30
Name some characteristics of Bryophytes (Non-vascular plants)
- Don't have vascular tissue ( have no tubes)
- Dependent on diffusion and osmosis to transport nutrients
- Grow in low, tangled vegetation which holds water
- have no roots ( only have root like structures)
- considered to be pioneers that conquered land; turning lands into green environments
- Haploid Gamtophyte longer dominant form
31
Name some ecosystem services Bryophytes provide
- Nutrient cycling
| - Sources for pharmaceuticals
32
Name some examples of Bryophytes
- Mosses
- Liverworts
- Hornworts
33
Name some characteristics of vascular plants
- Have tubes to carry water up and down plant
- Have vascular tissue ( 2 types: Xylem and Phloem)
- Have roots (anchoring properties; cells specialized in absorbing and transporting water and materials)
- Leaves evolved (increased SA of plant above ground, better exchange of gases and larger SA for capturing sunlight
34
What are the types of vascular tissue in vascular plants?
Xylem
| Phloem
35
Name some examples of Vascular plants
- American Dogwood tree
- Roses
- Grass
36
What do plants use to reproduce?
Sporic reproduction
37
Define sporic reproduction
Sexual reproduction that alternated between a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual
38
What is sporic reproduction also known as?
Alteration of generations
39
How many stages are there in the life cycle of a plant?
2 multicellular stages
40
What happens in sporic sexual reproduction?
Generations alternate between a haploid stage and a diploid stage
41
What happens in the haploid version of the organism?
The gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis
Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes
42
Define Gamtophyte
The haploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis
43
What happens after the gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis?
Those gametes fuse and develop into the diploid version of the organism; the sporophyte. The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis which develop into the haploid gametophyte
44
Define sporophyte
The diploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis
45
Name some characteristics of seedless vascular plants
- Developed vascular tissue; allowed to grow tall
- Sporophyte gen dominant stage
- Gametophyte is the tiny, short lived structures that depended on moisture to carry out sexual reproduction
46
What 2 life stages do seedless vascular plants have and which is longer?
Sporophyte; Gametophyte
Sporophyte is the larger, longer lived stage of the organism
Gametophyte is tiny, short lived
47
Name some examples of seedless vascular plants
- Horsetails
- Club mosses
- Ferns
- Whisk ferns
- Tree ferns
48
What do seed producing vascular plants do?
Disperse by means of seeds
49
How many groups are there that disperse by means of seeds and what are they?
2; Angiosperms, Gymnosperms
50
Define Gymnosperm
Vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds
51
Define Angiosperm
Vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue
52
What is purpose of seeds in plants with them?
- Allow for sexual reproduction
- Protection against harsh environment conditions
- Seeds can survive without water
53
Describe Gymnosperms
- have reproduction structures called cones and pollen grains
54
Define cone
Gymnosperm structure that contains male or female reproductive parts
55
Describe male cones
Soft; short-lived
56
Describe female cones
Hard; long-lasting
57
Describe sexual reproduction in seed plants
-requires transport of sperm from male cone to unfertilized eggs in the female eggs
58
What do seed plants use to transport their sperm from the male to the female unfertilized eggs?
Pollen grains
59
What are pollen grains?
- Tiny reduced gametophytes that don't form a free living plant
- Pollen grains are released into air
- Some land on female cones, releasing the sperm nuclei which fertilizes the egg
60
What are angiosperms commonly known as?
Flowering plants
61
What are angiosperms?
- Vascular seed plants
- but reproduce using flowers
- Their seeds are contained in fruit
62
90% of plants are -------
Angiosperms
63
The -------- plants are the most diverse
Flowering
64
Name some examples of angiosperms
```
Flowers
- Roses
- Trilliums
Non-coniferous trees
- Oaks
- Maples
- Birches
```
65
What structure does only an angiosperm have and what is its purpose?
Flower; specialized for sexual reproduction
66
Define flower
Collection of structures in angiosperms used for sexual reproduction
67
What happens to a male gametophytes in a flowering plant with non-colourful flowers?
- male gametophytes reduced to pollen grain with sperm nuclei
- Angiosperms with small, non-colourful flowers use wind to transport pollen
68
What purpose do attractive flowers, exotic patterns, odours, etc serve?
- Features attract animal visitors (birds, bees, bats)
| - Animals become transporters of pollen as they move from plant to plant
69
It's common for flowering plants to be both ------ and -------
Male and female
70
Define fruit
Mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses dormant seeds
71
Name some examples of fruit
Burrs
Sweet fruits
Coconuts
72
How many main groups are angiosperms divided into?
2
73
What is the division of angiosperms based on?
Based on structure called seed leaf or cotyledon
74
What is a cotyledon
Structure in embryo that helps to nourish the plant as it first starts to grow
75
Angiosperms with one cotyledon are called -------
Monocots
76
Define monocot
Cluster of flowering plants that have one cotyledon
77
Angiosperms with 2 cotyledons are called ------
Dicots
78
Define dicot
Cluster of flowering plants that have 2 cotyledons
79
What are angiosperms with 2 cotyledons called?
Dicot
80
What are angiosperms with one cotyledon called
Monocot
81
Name some examples of dicots
- Dandelions
- Crab apples
- Maple trees
82
Name some examples of monocots
- Corn
- Orchids
- Onions
83
Define fungi
Stationary, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organism whole cell walls contain chitin
84
Fungi ate -----------
Heterotrophs
85
How do fungi feed
Releasing digestive enzymes into surroundings to break down organic molecules externally and absorbing the digested nutrients into their cells through cell membranes
86
The majority of fungi are --------
Multicellular
87
Are fungi unicellular or multicellular
Majority are multicellular; some are unicellular
88
Describe the physical structure of fungi
- Body made of hyphae
- Branching network under dirt called mycelium
- Part we see above ground is fruiting body
89
Define hyphae
Thread-like filament that makes up the basic structure of a fungus
90
Define Mycelium
Complex, net -like mass made of branching hyphae
91
Where do mycelia live?
- Soil
- living, dying nutritious substances
- living/ dead wood
- animal bodies
92
Define fruiting body
Spore producing reproductive structure in fungi
93
What is the purpose of the fruiting body in a fungi
Reproductive structure
94
Fungi reproduce ------ and --------
Sexually and asexually
95
What are ways fungi reproduce
- Budding
- Fragmentation
- Spores
96
Describe budding
Smaller cell develops while attached to parent cell; smaller cell pinches off parent cell to produce new individual
97
Describe fragmentation
Pieces of hyphae are broken off and grow into new mycelia
98
Fungi can be classified by ----------
Reproduction
99
Describe imperfect fungi
- Only reproduce asexually
- diverse and versatile
- no sexual structures to compare so hard to tell if fungi in this phylum are related
100
Describe Chytrids
- Mostly unicellular
- found in aquatic species and freshwater
- some are parasites or live on decaying plants or insects
101
Describe Zygospore fungi
- Multicellular
- Mainly terrestrial
- sometimes Reproduce asexually
- during sexual repo. they produce zygospores
102
What are zygospores
Diploid structures that develop after 2 haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei together
103
Describe Sac Fungi
- Largest group of fungi
| - develop sacs called asci during sexual reproduction
104
Define asci
Small finger-like structure in which sac fungi develop spores
105
Describe Club Fungi
- Some parasites
- produce reproduce spores called basidiospores
- largest part is network of hyphae underground
106
How many characteristics are used to classify animals
8
107
What 8 characteristics are used to classify animals
- Backbone present
- Level of organization
- Number of body layers
- Movement
- Symmetry
- Segmentation
- Reproduction
- Body cavity
108
Define invertebrate
Animal that does not have a backbone
109
Define vertebrate
Animal with internal skeleton and backbone
110
In terms of body cavities, animals can either be -------- or ------
Acoelomate or Coelomate
111
Describe Porifera
- Live in marine and freshwater
- Asymmetrical
- No tissues
- 2 Layers
- Sessile
- Sponges
112
Describe Cnidaria
- 2 body forms
- 2 cell layers
- Some tissue organization
- Radial
113
Describe Platyhelminthes
- Acoleomate
- 3 layers of cells
- Tissues
- Non-segmented
- Flatworms
114
Describe Annelida
Segmented body
- some tissues
- Coelomate
- Ex Earth worms
115
Describe Mollusea
- Bilateral
- 3 layers of cells
- Coelomate
116
Describe Echinodermata
- Radial symmetry
- Spiny endoskeletons
- Tube feet
117
Describe Arthropods
- Legs made of moveable, jointed sections
- Segmented bodies w endoskeleton
- Tissues
- Coelomate
118
Fungi reproduce ------ and --------
Sexually and asexually
119
What are ways fungi reproduce
- Budding
- Fragmentation
- Spores
120
Describe budding
Smaller cell develops while attached to parent cell; smaller cell pinches off parent cell to produce new individual
121
Describe fragmentation
Pieces of hyphae are broken off and grow into new mycelia
122
Fungi can be classified by ----------
Reproduction
123
Describe imperfect fungi
- Only reproduce asexually
- diverse and versatile
- no sexual structures to compare so hard to tell if fungi in this phylum are related
124
Describe Chytrids
- Mostly unicellular
- found in aquatic species and freshwater
- some are parasites or live on decaying plants or insects
125
Describe Zygospore fungi
- Multicellular
- Mainly terrestrial
- sometimes Reproduce asexually
- during sexual repo. they produce zygospores
126
What are zygospores
Diploid structures that develop after 2 haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei together
127
Describe Sac Fungi
- Largest group of fungi
| - develop sacs called asci during sexual reproduction
128
Define asci
Small finger-like structure in which sac fungi develop spores
129
Describe Club Fungi
- Some parasites
- produce reproduce spores called basidiospores
- largest part is network of hyphae underground
130
How many characteristics are used to classify animals
8
131
What 8 characteristics are used to classify animals
- Backbone present
- Level of organization
- Number of body layers
- Movement
- Symmetry
- Segmentation
- Reproduction
- Body cavity
132
Define invertebrate
Animal that does not have a backbone
133
Define vertebrate
Animal with internal skeleton and backbone
134
In terms of body cavities, animals can either be -------- or ------
Acoelomate or Coelomate
135
Describe Porifera
- Live in marine and freshwater
- Asymmetrical
- No tissues
- 2 Layers
- Sessile
- Sponges
136
Describe Cnidaria
- 2 body forms
- 2 cell layers
- Some tissue organization
- Radial
137
Describe Platyhelminthes
- Acoleomate
- 3 layers of cells
- Tissues
- Non-segmented
- Flatworms
138
Describe Annelida
Segmented body
- some tissues
- Coelomate
- Ex Earth worms
139
Describe Mollusea
- Bilateral
- 3 layers of cells
- Coelomate
140
Describe Arthropods
- Legs made of moveable, jointed sections
- Segmented bodies w endoskeleton
- Tissues
- Coelomate
141
Describe Echinodermata
- Radial symmetry
- Spiny endoskeletons
- Tube feet
