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Biology - 11 > Chapter 3 - Multicellular Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Multicellular Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What kingdom do algae belong to?

A

Kingdom Protista

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2
Q

What are multicellular algae known as?

A

Seaweed

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3
Q

How many phyla of algae are there?

A

Six

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4
Q

What are the three unicellular algae?

A
  1. Dino-flagellates
  2. Diatoms
  3. Euglenoids
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5
Q

What are the 3 multicellular algae?

A
  1. Brown Algae
  2. Red algae
  3. Green algae
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6
Q

Describe the characteristics of brown algae

A
  • Largest; most complex protist
  • Key components of marine and tidal environments bc of abundance
  • Grow up to 60m in height
  • No true roots and leaves
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7
Q

What are the structures of brown algae and what do they do?

A
  • Hold fast; Structure that anchors the algae to hard structures
  • Stipe; stem-like structure which extends from holdfast
  • Blades; flat, leaf-like blades which collect light, take in CO2, and give off O2
  • Provides shelter and food for aquatic species
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8
Q

What is a “hold fast”?

A
  • Structure in brown algae that anchors to hard surfaces
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9
Q

What is a “stipe”?

A
  • Structure of brown algae; long, stem like structure that extenders from the hold fast
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10
Q

What is a “blade”?

A
  • Structure of brown algae; flat, leaf-like blades that extend from the stipe
  • Used to collect light, take in CO2, and give off O2
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11
Q

Describe characteristics of Red algae

A
  • First multicellular organism existing on earth (1.5 to 1.2 billion years ago)
  • 6000 living species today
  • Grow up to 1 m in length
  • Abundant in warm costal waters of tropical oceans
  • Photosynthesize up to 100m or more
  • Used to wrap sushi, make ice cream
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12
Q

What was the first multicellular organism on Earth and how long ago did it appear?

A

Red Algae; 1.2 to 1.5 billion years ago

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13
Q

What length can red algae grow up to?

A

1 m

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14
Q

Where are red algae most abundant?

A

Warm coastal waters of tropical oceans

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15
Q

What are some uses for red algae?

A

Wrap sushi; make dairy products like ice cream

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16
Q

Name some properties of green algae

A
  • Common in fresh water; but also found in salt water, sea ice and surface of trees
  • single celled organisms (live in colonies)
  • have cell wall
  • stored food in the form of starch
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17
Q

Which of the algae are the most related to plants and why?

A

Green algae; reasons:

  • Same type of chlorophyll
  • Same colour as land plants
  • Cell walls of both have cellulose
  • Store food in the form of starch
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18
Q

What are considered to be the closest evolutionary relatives to plants?

A

Green algae

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19
Q

Define plant

A

A multicellular photosynthetic Eukaryote with cellulose-based cell walls

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20
Q

What evidence suggests that green algae are the closest relative to land plants?

A
  • Both have same chlorophyll
  • Both have cells walls made of cellulose
  • Both store food in the form of starch
  • DNA analysis show similar sequences
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21
Q

When did the shift to land occur?

A

460 million years ago

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22
Q

What are some of the adaptations that occurred when the shift to land happened?

A
  • Method to protect from drying out
  • Transport system to move water and dissolved substances from outside the cell to the cells inside
  • Support system for body of plant; lift the organism towards the air and light
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23
Q

Did all of the adaptions to land occur at once?

A

No; happened over long time period

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24
Q

Before the adaptions occurred what did plants do?

A

Plants were small and lived in moist places; relied on osmosis and diffusion to obtain nutrients and water

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25
Q

How are plants different to green algae?

A
  • Environment; major step in plant evolution was transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats
  • Reproduction; plants reproduce using embryos
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26
Q

Define embryo

A

An organism’s early pre-birth stage of development

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27
Q

Define Algae

A

A unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic protist

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28
Q

What are non-vascular plants also known as?

A

Bryophyte or pioneer plants

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29
Q

Define Bryophyte

A

A small, non-vascular land plant; formal name Bryophyta reserved for mosses, one group of bryophytes

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30
Q

Name some characteristics of Bryophytes (Non-vascular plants)

A
  • Don’t have vascular tissue ( have no tubes)
  • Dependent on diffusion and osmosis to transport nutrients
  • Grow in low, tangled vegetation which holds water
  • have no roots ( only have root like structures)
  • considered to be pioneers that conquered land; turning lands into green environments
  • Haploid Gamtophyte longer dominant form
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31
Q

Name some ecosystem services Bryophytes provide

A
  • Nutrient cycling

- Sources for pharmaceuticals

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32
Q

Name some examples of Bryophytes

A
  • Mosses
  • Liverworts
  • Hornworts
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33
Q

Name some characteristics of vascular plants

A
  • Have tubes to carry water up and down plant
  • Have vascular tissue ( 2 types: Xylem and Phloem)
  • Have roots (anchoring properties; cells specialized in absorbing and transporting water and materials)
  • Leaves evolved (increased SA of plant above ground, better exchange of gases and larger SA for capturing sunlight
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34
Q

What are the types of vascular tissue in vascular plants?

A

Xylem

Phloem

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35
Q

Name some examples of Vascular plants

A
  • American Dogwood tree
  • Roses
  • Grass
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36
Q

What do plants use to reproduce?

A

Sporic reproduction

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37
Q

Define sporic reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction that alternated between a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual

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38
Q

What is sporic reproduction also known as?

A

Alteration of generations

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39
Q

How many stages are there in the life cycle of a plant?

A

2 multicellular stages

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40
Q

What happens in sporic sexual reproduction?

A

Generations alternate between a haploid stage and a diploid stage

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41
Q

What happens in the haploid version of the organism?

A

The gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes

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42
Q

Define Gamtophyte

A

The haploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis

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43
Q

What happens after the gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis?

A

Those gametes fuse and develop into the diploid version of the organism; the sporophyte. The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis which develop into the haploid gametophyte

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44
Q

Define sporophyte

A

The diploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis

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45
Q

Name some characteristics of seedless vascular plants

A
  • Developed vascular tissue; allowed to grow tall
  • Sporophyte gen dominant stage
  • Gametophyte is the tiny, short lived structures that depended on moisture to carry out sexual reproduction
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46
Q

What 2 life stages do seedless vascular plants have and which is longer?

A

Sporophyte; Gametophyte
Sporophyte is the larger, longer lived stage of the organism
Gametophyte is tiny, short lived

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47
Q

Name some examples of seedless vascular plants

A
  • Horsetails
  • Club mosses
  • Ferns
  • Whisk ferns
  • Tree ferns
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48
Q

What do seed producing vascular plants do?

A

Disperse by means of seeds

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49
Q

How many groups are there that disperse by means of seeds and what are they?

A

2; Angiosperms, Gymnosperms

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50
Q

Define Gymnosperm

A

Vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds

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51
Q

Define Angiosperm

A

Vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue

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52
Q

What is purpose of seeds in plants with them?

A
  • Allow for sexual reproduction
  • Protection against harsh environment conditions
  • Seeds can survive without water
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53
Q

Describe Gymnosperms

A
  • have reproduction structures called cones and pollen grains
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54
Q

Define cone

A

Gymnosperm structure that contains male or female reproductive parts

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55
Q

Describe male cones

A

Soft; short-lived

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56
Q

Describe female cones

A

Hard; long-lasting

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57
Q

Describe sexual reproduction in seed plants

A

-requires transport of sperm from male cone to unfertilized eggs in the female eggs

58
Q

What do seed plants use to transport their sperm from the male to the female unfertilized eggs?

A

Pollen grains

59
Q

What are pollen grains?

A
  • Tiny reduced gametophytes that don’t form a free living plant
  • Pollen grains are released into air
  • Some land on female cones, releasing the sperm nuclei which fertilizes the egg
60
Q

What are angiosperms commonly known as?

A

Flowering plants

61
Q

What are angiosperms?

A
  • Vascular seed plants
  • but reproduce using flowers
  • Their seeds are contained in fruit
62
Q

90% of plants are ——-

A

Angiosperms

63
Q

The ——– plants are the most diverse

A

Flowering

64
Q

Name some examples of angiosperms

A 
Flowers
- Roses
- Trilliums 
Non-coniferous trees
- Oaks 
- Maples
- Birches
65
Q

What structure does only an angiosperm have and what is its purpose?

A

Flower; specialized for sexual reproduction

66
Q

Define flower

A

Collection of structures in angiosperms used for sexual reproduction

67
Q

What happens to a male gametophytes in a flowering plant with non-colourful flowers?

A
  • male gametophytes reduced to pollen grain with sperm nuclei
  • Angiosperms with small, non-colourful flowers use wind to transport pollen
68
Q

What purpose do attractive flowers, exotic patterns, odours, etc serve?

A
  • Features attract animal visitors (birds, bees, bats)

- Animals become transporters of pollen as they move from plant to plant

69
Q

It’s common for flowering plants to be both —— and ——-

A

Male and female

70
Q

Define fruit

A

Mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses dormant seeds

71
Q

Name some examples of fruit

A

Burrs
Sweet fruits
Coconuts

72
Q

How many main groups are angiosperms divided into?

A

2

73
Q

What is the division of angiosperms based on?

A

Based on structure called seed leaf or cotyledon

74
Q

What is a cotyledon

A

Structure in embryo that helps to nourish the plant as it first starts to grow

75
Q

Angiosperms with one cotyledon are called ——-

A

Monocots

76
Q

Define monocot

A

Cluster of flowering plants that have one cotyledon

77
Q

Angiosperms with 2 cotyledons are called ——

A

Dicots

78
Q

Define dicot

A

Cluster of flowering plants that have 2 cotyledons

79
Q

What are angiosperms with 2 cotyledons called?

A

Dicot

80
Q

What are angiosperms with one cotyledon called

A

Monocot

81
Q

Name some examples of dicots

A
  • Dandelions
  • Crab apples
  • Maple trees
82
Q

Name some examples of monocots

A
  • Corn
  • Orchids
  • Onions
83
Q

Define fungi

A

Stationary, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organism whole cell walls contain chitin

84
Q

Fungi ate ———–

A

Heterotrophs

85
Q

How do fungi feed

A

Releasing digestive enzymes into surroundings to break down organic molecules externally and absorbing the digested nutrients into their cells through cell membranes

86
Q

The majority of fungi are ——–

A

Multicellular

87
Q

Are fungi unicellular or multicellular

A

Majority are multicellular; some are unicellular

88
Q

Describe the physical structure of fungi

A
  • Body made of hyphae
  • Branching network under dirt called mycelium
  • Part we see above ground is fruiting body
89
Q

Define hyphae

A

Thread-like filament that makes up the basic structure of a fungus

90
Q

Define Mycelium

A

Complex, net -like mass made of branching hyphae

91
Q

Where do mycelia live?

A
  • Soil
  • living, dying nutritious substances
  • living/ dead wood
  • animal bodies
92
Q

Define fruiting body

A

Spore producing reproductive structure in fungi

93
Q

What is the purpose of the fruiting body in a fungi

A

Reproductive structure

94
Q

Fungi reproduce —— and ——–

A

Sexually and asexually

95
Q

What are ways fungi reproduce

A
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Spores
96
Q

Describe budding

A

Smaller cell develops while attached to parent cell; smaller cell pinches off parent cell to produce new individual

97
Q

Describe fragmentation

A

Pieces of hyphae are broken off and grow into new mycelia

98
Q

Fungi can be classified by ———-

A

Reproduction

99
Q

Describe imperfect fungi

A
  • Only reproduce asexually
  • diverse and versatile
  • no sexual structures to compare so hard to tell if fungi in this phylum are related
100
Q

Describe Chytrids

A
  • Mostly unicellular
  • found in aquatic species and freshwater
  • some are parasites or live on decaying plants or insects
101
Q

Describe Zygospore fungi

A
  • Multicellular
  • Mainly terrestrial
  • sometimes Reproduce asexually
  • during sexual repo. they produce zygospores
102
Q

What are zygospores

A

Diploid structures that develop after 2 haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei together

103
Q

Describe Sac Fungi

A
  • Largest group of fungi

- develop sacs called asci during sexual reproduction

104
Q

Define asci

A

Small finger-like structure in which sac fungi develop spores

105
Q

Describe Club Fungi

A
  • Some parasites
  • produce reproduce spores called basidiospores
  • largest part is network of hyphae underground
106
Q

How many characteristics are used to classify animals

A

8

107
Q

What 8 characteristics are used to classify animals

A
  • Backbone present
  • Level of organization
  • Number of body layers
  • Movement
  • Symmetry
  • Segmentation
  • Reproduction
  • Body cavity
108
Q

Define invertebrate

A

Animal that does not have a backbone

109
Q

Define vertebrate

A

Animal with internal skeleton and backbone

110
Q

In terms of body cavities, animals can either be ——– or ——

A

Acoelomate or Coelomate

111
Q

Describe Porifera

A
  • Live in marine and freshwater
  • Asymmetrical
  • No tissues
  • 2 Layers
  • Sessile
  • Sponges
112
Q

Describe Cnidaria

A
  • 2 body forms
  • 2 cell layers
  • Some tissue organization
  • Radial
113
Q

Describe Platyhelminthes

A
  • Acoleomate
  • 3 layers of cells
  • Tissues
  • Non-segmented
  • Flatworms
114
Q

Describe Annelida

A

Segmented body

  • some tissues
  • Coelomate
  • Ex Earth worms
115
Q

Describe Mollusea

A
  • Bilateral
  • 3 layers of cells
  • Coelomate
116
Q

Describe Echinodermata

A
  • Radial symmetry
  • Spiny endoskeletons
  • Tube feet
117
Q

Describe Arthropods

A
  • Legs made of moveable, jointed sections
  • Segmented bodies w endoskeleton
  • Tissues
  • Coelomate
118
Q

Fungi reproduce —— and ——–

A

Sexually and asexually

119
Q

What are ways fungi reproduce

A
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Spores
120
Q

Describe budding

A

Smaller cell develops while attached to parent cell; smaller cell pinches off parent cell to produce new individual

121
Q

Describe fragmentation

A

Pieces of hyphae are broken off and grow into new mycelia

122
Q

Fungi can be classified by ———-

A

Reproduction

123
Q

Describe imperfect fungi

A
  • Only reproduce asexually
  • diverse and versatile
  • no sexual structures to compare so hard to tell if fungi in this phylum are related
124
Q

Describe Chytrids

A
  • Mostly unicellular
  • found in aquatic species and freshwater
  • some are parasites or live on decaying plants or insects
125
Q

Describe Zygospore fungi

A
  • Multicellular
  • Mainly terrestrial
  • sometimes Reproduce asexually
  • during sexual repo. they produce zygospores
126
Q

What are zygospores

A

Diploid structures that develop after 2 haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei together

127
Q

Describe Sac Fungi

A
  • Largest group of fungi

- develop sacs called asci during sexual reproduction

128
Q

Define asci

A

Small finger-like structure in which sac fungi develop spores

129
Q

Describe Club Fungi

A
  • Some parasites
  • produce reproduce spores called basidiospores
  • largest part is network of hyphae underground
130
Q

How many characteristics are used to classify animals

A

8

131
Q

What 8 characteristics are used to classify animals

A
  • Backbone present
  • Level of organization
  • Number of body layers
  • Movement
  • Symmetry
  • Segmentation
  • Reproduction
  • Body cavity
132
Q

Define invertebrate

A

Animal that does not have a backbone

133
Q

Define vertebrate

A

Animal with internal skeleton and backbone

134
Q

In terms of body cavities, animals can either be ——– or ——

A

Acoelomate or Coelomate

135
Q

Describe Porifera

A
  • Live in marine and freshwater
  • Asymmetrical
  • No tissues
  • 2 Layers
  • Sessile
  • Sponges
136
Q

Describe Cnidaria

A
  • 2 body forms
  • 2 cell layers
  • Some tissue organization
  • Radial
137
Q

Describe Platyhelminthes

A
  • Acoleomate
  • 3 layers of cells
  • Tissues
  • Non-segmented
  • Flatworms
138
Q

Describe Annelida

A

Segmented body

  • some tissues
  • Coelomate
  • Ex Earth worms
139
Q

Describe Mollusea

A
  • Bilateral
  • 3 layers of cells
  • Coelomate
140
Q

Describe Arthropods

A
  • Legs made of moveable, jointed sections
  • Segmented bodies w endoskeleton
  • Tissues
  • Coelomate
141
Q

Describe Echinodermata

A
  • Radial symmetry
  • Spiny endoskeletons
  • Tube feet

Biology - 11 (11 decks)

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