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Biology - 11 > 5.3, 6.3, 6.3 > Flashcards

5.3, 6.3, 6.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

In incomplete dominance, what is the ratio in the F2 generation?

A

1 (red) : 2 (pink) : 1 (white)

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2
Q

When representing incomplete dominance, what letters are used to represent both alleles and why?

A

Capital letters are used for both alleles; upper case and lower case letters are not used since neither allele is dominant over the other

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3
Q

Define Co-dominance

A

The condition in which both alleles for a trait are equally expressed in a heterozygote; both alleles are dominant

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4
Q

How are the alleles for co-dominance represented?

A

Capital letters with super scripts

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5
Q

What are some examples of co-dominance?

A

Roan (animal) and sickle cell anemia

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6
Q

What is a gene with more than 2 alleles said to have?

A

Multiple Alleles

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7
Q

What is Continuous Variation?

A

A range of variation in one trait resulting from the activity of many genes

These are traits for Whigs phenotype vary gradually from one extreme to another

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8
Q

What are some examples of traits are exhibit continuous variation?

A

Some examples include height and skin tone

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9
Q

What’re traits controlled by more than one gene called?

A

Polygenic traits

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10
Q

What do polygenic traits exhibit?

A

Continuous variation

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11
Q

Why was determining the DNA sequences of other organisms an important component of the Human Genome Project?

A

This allows you to:

  • Make comparisons between species
  • Learn important features of genomes
  • Gives better understanding of biological system
  • useful in genetic research
  • Provides a basis for comparison to human genome
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12
Q

What are some achievements of the Human Genome Project?

A

Determined DNA sequence of human genome; identified all of the genes; made the genes accessible to all, sequenced other organisms genome

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13
Q

How much of the human genome is actually used to code for proteins?

A

2%

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14
Q

Define Bioinformatics

A

Field of study that applies computer technology to create and maintain databases of info

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15
Q

Who is the founder of Bioinformatics?

A

Margaret Dayhoff

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16
Q

What contribution did Bioinformatics make to human genomics?

A

Allows everyone easy access to information

17
Q

What contributions did Bioinformatics make to the Human Genome Project?

A

Allowed organization and analysis of large amount of sequence data that was generated from labs all over the world

18
Q

What 3 types of technologies contributed to Bioinformatics?

A
  • Biological molecule sequencing technology
  • Computer software
  • Communicative technology
19
Q

Define incomplete dominance

A

A condition in which either allele for a gene completely conceals the presence of the other; results in a intermediate expression of a trait

20
Q

Define Genomics

A

The study of genomes and how genes work together to control phenotype

21
Q

What research is involved in Genomics?

A

Multiple alleles are considered at the same time and the entire organism is studied

22
Q

How can Genomics help society?

A

Helps understand inheritance of diseases like cancer and to develop treatments for these diseases

23
Q

What does SNP stand for?

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

24
Q

What is a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

A

Acts a marker for a gene or be associated with a gene if it is genetically linked to it

25
Q

What is the relation of SNP to human genomics?

A

Used to track inheritance of disease genes within families

-Future studies will identify SNPs associated with diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer

26
Q

Define Proteomics

A

Studying 3D shapes of proteins and determining their functions

27
Q

What is the relationship of Proteomics to human genomics?

A

Identifying proteins can lead to the identification of genes responsible for certain diseases

28
Q

Define Epigenetics

A

Studies how changes in the inheritance of certain traits or phenotypes are based on gene function rather than gene sequences

29
Q

What does Epigenetics suggest?

A
  • Traits we inherit may not be due only to the DNA we receive
  • Gene function may change without the actual DNA sequence of the gene changing and looks at the mechanisms that control whether our genes are on or off
30
Q

What is DNA Microarray technology?

A

DNA is placed as spots on a glass plate, called a microarray plate. One side can contain thousands of spots of DNA that corresponds to certain parts of a genome and that contain different genes

31
Q

How does DNA Microarray technology relate to human genomics?

A

Studying which genes are active and which are inactive in different cell types helps scientists to understand both how these cells function normally and how they’re affected when various genes don’t perform properly

Biology - 11 (11 decks)

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