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Biology - 11 > Chapter 2 Diversity: From Simple to Complex > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Diversity: From Simple to Complex Flashcards

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1
Q

——– differ from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Why are viruses different from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Viruses are dependent on the internal working of cells
  2. Viruses are not capable of living independently outside of cells
  3. They differ structurally from prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells
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3
Q

Because viruses cannot live independently of cells, what do they do?

A

They invade the cells and use the host cells for survival and reproduction. Outside a cell, viruses are dormant

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4
Q

Why do viruses differ structurally from prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

A

Viruses are not cellular; they have no cytoplasm, membrane-bound organelles or cell membranes

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5
Q

Why are viruses not classified in our 6 kingdom systems?

A

The system classify LIVING things

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6
Q

What are viruses not considered to be?

A

Alive

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7
Q

Why are viruses not considered to be alive?

A
  • Unable to produce
  • Don’t react to stimuli
  • No cell structures ( cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles )
  • No cellular respiration
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8
Q

Describe the structure of viruses

A
  • Small (250-400 nm)
  • Made of protein coat (Capsid)
  • Capsid surrounds genetic material ( DNA or RNA)
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9
Q

Define Capsid

A

The outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic material of a virus

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10
Q

What are some ways viruses are classified?

A
  • Size of Capsid
  • Types of diseases they cause
  • Generic material
  • Method of replication
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11
Q

Why do viruses not reproduce through cell division?

A

They are not cellular

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12
Q

Instead of reproducing by cell division, what do viruses do?

A

Undergo replication within the host cell

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13
Q

Define replication

A

The fundamental process of all cells in which the genetic material is copied before the cell reproduces

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14
Q

Define Lytic Cycle

A

The replication process in viruses in which the virus’s genetic material uses the copying machines of the host cell to make new viruses

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15
Q

What is the typical replication cycle of viruses called?

A

Lytic cycle

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16
Q

Define Lysogenic cycle

A

The replication process in viruses, in which the viral DNA enters the host cell’s chromosome; it may remain dormant and later activate and instruct the host cell to produce more viruses

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17
Q

What are some diseases associated with viruses with DNA?

A
  • Warts
  • Chickenpox
  • Mononucleosis
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18
Q

What are some diseases associated with viruses with RNA?

A
  • HIV
  • Influenza
  • Rabies
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19
Q

What 5 steps do viruses use to replicate and make you sick?

A
  • Attachment
  • Entry
  • Replication
  • Assembly
  • Lysis and Release
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20
Q

How many steps are there in the process of replication for viruses?

A

5 steps

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21
Q

What is it called when the genetic material of the viruses enters the host cell’s chromosome?

A

Provirus

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22
Q

What is a provirus?

A

When the genetic material of the virus enters the host cell’s chromosome

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23
Q

What are some ways to contract viruses?

A
  • Oral transmission
  • Sexual transmission
  • Insect and Animal bites
  • Droplet Transmission
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24
Q

Define Virus

A

A structure that contains strands of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective protein coat; it cannot live independently of cells

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25
Q

How many domains are prokaryotes represented by and what are they?

A

2; Bacteria and Archaea

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26
Q

By how many methods can bacteria and archaea be classified by and what are they?

A

4; Cell shape, Nutrition, Habitats, Gram Stain

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27
Q

What 3 shapes do bacteria and archaea most commonly appear as?

A

Cocci (spheres),
Bacilli (rods)
Spiral shape

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28
Q

Other than the 3 common shapes of Bacteria and Archaea, what other forms do they appear as?

A

Cubes

Pyramids

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29
Q

Define Cocci (Sing. Coccus)

A

A micro-organism whose overall morphology is spherical

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30
Q

Define Bacilli (Sing. bacillus)

A

A micro-organism whose overall morphology is rod-shaped

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31
Q

What are aggregations?

A

Cells grouped together

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32
Q

What processes do Bacteria and Archaea follow for obtaining energy (nutrition)?

A

Photoautotroph- photosynthesize (only bacteria)

Methanogenesis (only archaea)

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33
Q

Define Photoautotroph

A

Photosynthesis (only bacteria)

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34
Q

Define Methanogenesis

A

A biological (or chemical) that obtaines nutrients in an oxygen free environment (anaerobic) that produces methane (CH4) as a by-product

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35
Q

Name an example of a type of bacteria that photosynthesize to obtain energy?

A

Cyanobacteria

36
Q

What does Aerobic mean?

A

Using oxygen

37
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

Without oxygen

38
Q

Name some examples of where Methanogenesis occurs

A
  • In cattle guts

- Sewage ocean bottoms

39
Q

What 2 categories do Bacteria and Archaea fall under in terms of habitat?

A
  • Extremophile

- Mesophile

40
Q

Define Extremophile

A

An organism that lives in habitats characterized by extreme conditions

41
Q

Define Mesophile

A

Organisms that live in moderate conditions

42
Q

What is an organism that lives in moderate conditions called?

A

Mesophile

43
Q

What is an organism that lives in extreme conditions called?

A

Extremophile

44
Q

Name some examples of Extremophiles

A
  • Acidophile (very acidic conditions)
  • Halophile ( High saline)
  • Thermophile ( Extreme Temperatures)
45
Q

Name some examples of Extremophile conditions

A
  • Acidophile - Volanic crater lakes, mine drainage lakes
  • Halophile - Dead Sea, ocean shorelines, salt lakes, inland seas
  • Thermophile - Deep sea vents, hot springs
46
Q

Bacteria can be classified by their reaction to ———

A

Gram stain

47
Q

Define Gram Stain

A

A stain that separates bacteria into 2 major divisions (Gram positive and gram negative) based on the cell well’s response to the stain

48
Q

Name the attributes associated with Gram Positive bacteria

A
  • Purple in colour
  • Cells appear purple
  • Thick protein layer
49
Q

Name some attributes associated with Gram Negative bacteria

A
  • Pink in colour
  • Cells appear pink
  • Think protein layer
50
Q

Bacteria and Archaea lack —— and don’t produce by ——— or ———–

A

Nuclei; Mitosis; Meiosis

51
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce through the asexual process called ————–

A

Binary Fission

52
Q

Define Binary Fission

A

The asexual form of reproduction used by most prokaryotes, in which a cell divides into 2 genetically identical cells

53
Q

Define Conjugation

A

A process in which there is a transfer of genetic material involving 2 cells

54
Q

In less favourable conditions some bacteria and archaea are able to exchange DNA by ———–

A

Conjugation

55
Q

What are the advantages of conjugation?

A
  • Results in new genetic content

- Change may cause it to be better adapted to changing conditions

56
Q

What are some uses of bacteria?

A
  • Waste management
  • Sewage treatment
  • Dairy foods
57
Q

Eukaryotic organisms are…

A
  • More complex
  • have more genes
  • greater cellular diversity ( size, shape, mobility, and specialized function)
58
Q

Define Endosymbiosis

A

Theory that explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic relationship between 2 or more prokaryotic cells

59
Q

What 2 organelles support the theory of Endosymbiosis

A
  • Chloroplast

- Mitochondria

60
Q

What does the Endosymbiosis theory say about the chloroplast and mitochondria?

A

That they were once smaller prokaryotic cells. At separate times these prokaryotes were engulfed by larger prokaryotes, leading to the evolution of a Eukaryotic cell. These cells were not digested when engulfed, but continued to perform their function while inside the larger cell

61
Q

What is an Endosymbiont?

A

The cell that is engulfed by the larger prokaryote (called host cell)

62
Q

What evidence supports the theory of Endosymbiosis?

A
  • Membranes of chloroplast and mitochondria similar to that of the prokaryotic cell
  • Ribosomes inside organelles produce proteins similar to prokaryotes
  • These organelles reproduce through binary fission
  • Each of the organelles have their own DNA, circular chromosome and gene content similar to prokaryotes
63
Q

Define Protist

A

A Eukaryotic organism, usually unicellular, that is not a fungus, plant, or animal

64
Q

Protists are grouped into how many categories?

A

3

65
Q

What are Animal-like Protists also called?

A

Protozoans

66
Q

Name some qualities of Animal-like Protists

A
  • Heterotrophs
  • Unicellular
  • Many of species are parasites
67
Q

Define Parasite

A

An organism that benefits by living in or on another organism at the expense of that organism

68
Q

Name the Animal-like Protists

A
  • Cercozoans
  • Ciliates
  • Flagellates
  • Sporozoans
69
Q

Describe Cercozoans

A
  • Contain cell membrane without cell wall
  • Change shape using internal cytoskeleton to move and create different forms
  • Temporary extensions of the cytoplasm called pseudopod
70
Q

Define Pseudopods

A

A temporary cytoplasmic extension that amoebas use for feeding and movement

71
Q

Give an example of a Cercozoan

A

Amoeba

72
Q

Describe Ciliates

A
  • Contain Cilia (short, hair-like projections) that cover the surface of the cell
  • Can be free living or parasitic
73
Q

Define Cilia

A

A short, hair-like projection that function in cell movement and particle manipulation when coordinated with other cilia

  • For locomotion and moving food
74
Q

Give an example of a Ciliates

A

Paramecium

75
Q

Describe Flagellates

A
  • Contain one or more flagella

- Can be free living, parasitic, and mutualistic

76
Q

Define Flagella

A

Long, hair-like projection extending from the cell membrane that propels the cell using a whip like motion

  • used for movement
77
Q

Give an example of a Flagellate

A

Plasmodium

78
Q

Describe Sporozoans

A
  • Parasites of animals
  • Reproduce sexually and asexually
  • Often alternate between 2 hosts
79
Q

Describe Plant-like Protists

A
  • Contain pigments in chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
  • Unicellular and multicellular
  • Ecologically important
80
Q

Describe Diatoms

A
  • Most common are phytoplankton, which are single celled, free floating aquatic organisms
  • unicellular
  • Rigid cell walls with outer layer of silica
  • Walls made up 2 parts (Remember the box shape thing)
  • Reproduce asexually by mitosis
81
Q

Describe Dinoflagellates

A
  • Most phytoplankton
  • Have 2 flagella
  • Photosynthesize
  • Unicellular
  • Reproduce quickly
  • Resulting population explosion called red tide
82
Q

Define red tide

A

A costal phenomenon in which dinoflagellates that contain red pigment are so concentrated that the seawater has a distinct red colour

83
Q

Define Euglenoids

A
  • Unicellular
  • Found in shallow fresh water
  • Have both plant and animal characteristics
  • Autotrophs in sunlight, heterotrophs in the dark
84
Q

Describe Fungus-like Protists

A
  • Are Heterotroph but instead of consuming organisms they get nutrients from living organisms, dead organisms, and wastes
  • Unicellular
  • Resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle but differ at cellular level (cell wall of Protists different from fungus)
85
Q

What are some examples of fungus-like Protists?

A

Slime moulds and water moulds

Biology - 11 (11 decks)

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