Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology - 11 > Chapter 2 Diversity: From Simple to Complex > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Diversity: From Simple to Complex Flashcards

1
Q

——– differ from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why are viruses different from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Viruses are dependent on the internal working of cells
  2. Viruses are not capable of living independently outside of cells
  3. They differ structurally from prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Because viruses cannot live independently of cells, what do they do?

A

They invade the cells and use the host cells for survival and reproduction. Outside a cell, viruses are dormant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do viruses differ structurally from prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

A

Viruses are not cellular; they have no cytoplasm, membrane-bound organelles or cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why are viruses not classified in our 6 kingdom systems?

A

The system classify LIVING things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are viruses not considered to be?

A

Alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why are viruses not considered to be alive?

A
  • Unable to produce
  • Don’t react to stimuli
  • No cell structures ( cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles )
  • No cellular respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the structure of viruses

A
  • Small (250-400 nm)
  • Made of protein coat (Capsid)
  • Capsid surrounds genetic material ( DNA or RNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Capsid

A

The outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic material of a virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some ways viruses are classified?

A
  • Size of Capsid
  • Types of diseases they cause
  • Generic material
  • Method of replication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do viruses not reproduce through cell division?

A

They are not cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Instead of reproducing by cell division, what do viruses do?

A

Undergo replication within the host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define replication

A

The fundamental process of all cells in which the genetic material is copied before the cell reproduces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Lytic Cycle

A

The replication process in viruses in which the virus’s genetic material uses the copying machines of the host cell to make new viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the typical replication cycle of viruses called?

A

Lytic cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Lysogenic cycle

A

The replication process in viruses, in which the viral DNA enters the host cell’s chromosome; it may remain dormant and later activate and instruct the host cell to produce more viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some diseases associated with viruses with DNA?

A
  • Warts
  • Chickenpox
  • Mononucleosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some diseases associated with viruses with RNA?

A
  • HIV
  • Influenza
  • Rabies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 5 steps do viruses use to replicate and make you sick?

A
  • Attachment
  • Entry
  • Replication
  • Assembly
  • Lysis and Release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many steps are there in the process of replication for viruses?

A

5 steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is it called when the genetic material of the viruses enters the host cell’s chromosome?

A

Provirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a provirus?

A

When the genetic material of the virus enters the host cell’s chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some ways to contract viruses?

A
  • Oral transmission
  • Sexual transmission
  • Insect and Animal bites
  • Droplet Transmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Virus

A

A structure that contains strands of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective protein coat; it cannot live independently of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How many domains are prokaryotes represented by and what are they?
2; Bacteria and Archaea
26
By how many methods can bacteria and archaea be classified by and what are they?
4; Cell shape, Nutrition, Habitats, Gram Stain
27
What 3 shapes do bacteria and archaea most commonly appear as?
Cocci (spheres), Bacilli (rods) Spiral shape
28
Other than the 3 common shapes of Bacteria and Archaea, what other forms do they appear as?
Cubes | Pyramids
29
Define Cocci (Sing. Coccus)
A micro-organism whose overall morphology is spherical
30
Define Bacilli (Sing. bacillus)
A micro-organism whose overall morphology is rod-shaped
31
What are aggregations?
Cells grouped together
32
What processes do Bacteria and Archaea follow for obtaining energy (nutrition)?
Photoautotroph- photosynthesize (only bacteria) | Methanogenesis (only archaea)
33
Define Photoautotroph
Photosynthesis (only bacteria)
34
Define Methanogenesis
A biological (or chemical) that obtaines nutrients in an oxygen free environment (anaerobic) that produces methane (CH4) as a by-product
35
Name an example of a type of bacteria that photosynthesize to obtain energy?
Cyanobacteria
36
What does Aerobic mean?
Using oxygen
37
What does anaerobic mean?
Without oxygen
38
Name some examples of where Methanogenesis occurs
- In cattle guts | - Sewage ocean bottoms
39
What 2 categories do Bacteria and Archaea fall under in terms of habitat?
- Extremophile | - Mesophile
40
Define Extremophile
An organism that lives in habitats characterized by extreme conditions
41
Define Mesophile
Organisms that live in moderate conditions
42
What is an organism that lives in moderate conditions called?
Mesophile
43
What is an organism that lives in extreme conditions called?
Extremophile
44
Name some examples of Extremophiles
- Acidophile (very acidic conditions) - Halophile ( High saline) - Thermophile ( Extreme Temperatures)
45
Name some examples of Extremophile conditions
- Acidophile - Volanic crater lakes, mine drainage lakes - Halophile - Dead Sea, ocean shorelines, salt lakes, inland seas - Thermophile - Deep sea vents, hot springs
46
Bacteria can be classified by their reaction to ---------
Gram stain
47
Define Gram Stain
A stain that separates bacteria into 2 major divisions (Gram positive and gram negative) based on the cell well's response to the stain
48
Name the attributes associated with Gram Positive bacteria
- Purple in colour - Cells appear purple - Thick protein layer
49
Name some attributes associated with Gram Negative bacteria
- Pink in colour - Cells appear pink - Think protein layer
50
Bacteria and Archaea lack ------ and don't produce by --------- or -----------
Nuclei; Mitosis; Meiosis
51
Prokaryotes reproduce through the asexual process called --------------
Binary Fission
52
Define Binary Fission
The asexual form of reproduction used by most prokaryotes, in which a cell divides into 2 genetically identical cells
53
Define Conjugation
A process in which there is a transfer of genetic material involving 2 cells
54
In less favourable conditions some bacteria and archaea are able to exchange DNA by -----------
Conjugation
55
What are the advantages of conjugation?
- Results in new genetic content | - Change may cause it to be better adapted to changing conditions
56
What are some uses of bacteria?
- Waste management - Sewage treatment - Dairy foods
57
Eukaryotic organisms are...
- More complex - have more genes - greater cellular diversity ( size, shape, mobility, and specialized function)
58
Define Endosymbiosis
Theory that explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic relationship between 2 or more prokaryotic cells
59
What 2 organelles support the theory of Endosymbiosis
- Chloroplast | - Mitochondria
60
What does the Endosymbiosis theory say about the chloroplast and mitochondria?
That they were once smaller prokaryotic cells. At separate times these prokaryotes were engulfed by larger prokaryotes, leading to the evolution of a Eukaryotic cell. These cells were not digested when engulfed, but continued to perform their function while inside the larger cell
61
What is an Endosymbiont?
The cell that is engulfed by the larger prokaryote (called host cell)
62
What evidence supports the theory of Endosymbiosis?
- Membranes of chloroplast and mitochondria similar to that of the prokaryotic cell - Ribosomes inside organelles produce proteins similar to prokaryotes - These organelles reproduce through binary fission - Each of the organelles have their own DNA, circular chromosome and gene content similar to prokaryotes
63
Define Protist
A Eukaryotic organism, usually unicellular, that is not a fungus, plant, or animal
64
Protists are grouped into how many categories?
3
65
What are Animal-like Protists also called?
Protozoans
66
Name some qualities of Animal-like Protists
- Heterotrophs - Unicellular - Many of species are parasites
67
Define Parasite
An organism that benefits by living in or on another organism at the expense of that organism
68
Name the Animal-like Protists
- Cercozoans - Ciliates - Flagellates - Sporozoans
69
Describe Cercozoans
- Contain cell membrane without cell wall - Change shape using internal cytoskeleton to move and create different forms - Temporary extensions of the cytoplasm called pseudopod
70
Define Pseudopods
A temporary cytoplasmic extension that amoebas use for feeding and movement
71
Give an example of a Cercozoan
Amoeba
72
Describe Ciliates
- Contain Cilia (short, hair-like projections) that cover the surface of the cell - Can be free living or parasitic
73
Define Cilia
A short, hair-like projection that function in cell movement and particle manipulation when coordinated with other cilia - For locomotion and moving food
74
Give an example of a Ciliates
Paramecium
75
Describe Flagellates
- Contain one or more flagella | - Can be free living, parasitic, and mutualistic
76
Define Flagella
Long, hair-like projection extending from the cell membrane that propels the cell using a whip like motion - used for movement
77
Give an example of a Flagellate
Plasmodium
78
Describe Sporozoans
- Parasites of animals - Reproduce sexually and asexually - Often alternate between 2 hosts
79
Describe Plant-like Protists
- Contain pigments in chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis - Unicellular and multicellular - Ecologically important
80
Describe Diatoms
- Most common are phytoplankton, which are single celled, free floating aquatic organisms - unicellular - Rigid cell walls with outer layer of silica - Walls made up 2 parts (Remember the box shape thing) - Reproduce asexually by mitosis
81
Describe Dinoflagellates
- Most phytoplankton - Have 2 flagella - Photosynthesize - Unicellular - Reproduce quickly - Resulting population explosion called red tide
82
Define red tide
A costal phenomenon in which dinoflagellates that contain red pigment are so concentrated that the seawater has a distinct red colour
83
Define Euglenoids
- Unicellular - Found in shallow fresh water - Have both plant and animal characteristics - Autotrophs in sunlight, heterotrophs in the dark
84
Describe Fungus-like Protists
- Are Heterotroph but instead of consuming organisms they get nutrients from living organisms, dead organisms, and wastes - Unicellular - Resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle but differ at cellular level (cell wall of Protists different from fungus)
85
What are some examples of fungus-like Protists?
Slime moulds and water moulds

Biology - 11 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions