Chapter 7

Question 1

Context-Dependent Learning

Answer 1

Pattern of data in which materials learned in one setting are remembered when the person returns to that setting, but are less remembered in other settings.

Question 2

Context Reinstatement

Answer 2

Strategy of re-creating the thoughts and feelings of the learning episode even if, at the time of recall, I am in a different place.

Question 3

Encoding Specificity

Answer 3

Tendency to place in memory both the materials to be learned and also some amount of the context of those materials. Will be remembered later on in a similar context.

Question 4

Nodes

Answer 4

Unit within an associative network. Represent ideas or concepts.

Question 5

Associations

Answer 5

Functional connections used to link nodes or detectors in their network.

Question 6

Activation Level

Answer 6

Measure of current status for a node or detector. Activation level is increased if the node or detector received the appropriate input from its associated nodes or detectors; activation level will be high if activated recently.

Question 7

Response Threshold

Answer 7

Quantity of information or activation needed to trigger a response.

Question 8

Fires

Answer 8

Responding to a stimulus electrically or chemically firing.

Question 9

Subthreshold Activation

Answer 9

Activation levels below response threshold. Will not trigger a response, but eventually leads to an activation level.

Question 10

Summation

Answer 10

Addition of two or more inputs so that the effect of the combined inputs is greater than the effect of any one of the inputs by itself.

Question 11

Spreading Activation

Answer 11

Process where activation travels from one node to another through associative links.

Question 12

Lexical-Decision Task

Answer 12

Participants are shown a series of letter sequences on a computer screen. Some spell words and some do not. Yes if it is a word, No if it is not. They look up these words in their mental dictionary and are timed.

Question 13

Semantic Priming

Answer 13

Process in which activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas related to the first in meaning.

Question 14

Recall

Answer 14

Memory retrieval of past stimuli that were encountered.

Question 15

Recognition

Answer 15

Task of memory retrieval in which the items to be remembered are presented and the person must decide whether or not the item was encountered in some earlier circumstance.

Question 16

Source Memory

Answer 16

I do not have any recollection of the source of my current knowledge.

Question 17

Familiarity

Answer 17

Subjective feeling that someone has encountered a stimulus before.

Question 18

Attribution

Answer 18

Step of explaining a feeling or event by identifying factors that are the cause of the current feeling or event.

Question 19

Remember/Know Distinction

Answer 19

Pressing one button if they actually recall the episode of encountering a particular item, and pressing a different button if they do not recall the encounter but just have the broad feeling that the item must have been on the earlier list.

Question 20

Word-Stem Completion

Answer 20

Participants are given three or four letters like “CLA” and must complete the word (e.g. “CLAM”). They usually fill in a word they have seen recently or frequently.

Question 21

Explicit Memories

Answer 21

Memory revealed by direct memory testing and drawing on knowledge of the past.

Question 22

Direct Memory Testing

Answer 22

Testing that urges me to remember the past.

Question 23

Implicit Memories

Answer 23

Memory revealed by indirect memory testing with usually priming effect. Being influenced by past experiences.

Question 24

Indirect Memory Testing

Answer 24

My behavior is demonstrably influenced by a prior event, but I may be unaware of this.

Question 25

Illusion of Truth

Answer 25

Statements were subsequently judged to be more credible than sentenced never heard before.

Question 26

Source Confusion

Answer 26

Memory error in which one misremembers where a bit of information was learned or where a particular stimulus was last encountered.

Question 27

Processing Pathway

Answer 27

Sequence of detectors, connections between detectors that the activation flows through in recognizing a specific stimulus.

Question 28

Processing Fluency

Answer 28

Speed and ease with which the pathway will carry activation.

Question 29

Amnesia

Answer 29

Loss of memory.

Question 30

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 30

Person is unable to recall events that occurred just before the blow to the head.

Question 31

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 31

Person has disruption of memory for experiences after the onset of amnesia.

Question 32

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Answer 32

Clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia. Often coming from malnutrition common among long-term alcoholics.